Before explaining this specific historic location, it is vital to understand that this entire property has historical value dating back to 1966. The town of Kleinburg which is located near Vaughan and Woodbridge, Ontario is a heritage hub. The buildings, trails and shops all hold a historic value and embrace original attributes to this town. Tom Thomson himself and the Group of Seven were the ones who moved and inspired these 100 acres of forested land along the Humber River to be the public gallery for Canadian art (McMichael Canadian Art Collection, 2020). Moreover, the Tom Thomson shack was in fact his home and also his studio from 1915-1917. It was originally located in the Rosedale ravine behind the studio building, however as it was later bought by Robert and Signe McMichael they moved it onto the grounds of Kleinburg in 1962 with building a replica which was based exactly on his original creation (About Painting Canada, 2012). The exterior of the building can be described as a wooden structure. It has a slanted roof which differs it from the other which have the pointed roofs built on the rest of the property. There are only windows on the south side of the building – which takes in most of the sunlight while he was using the studio space, with the north side of the building having no windows. It is a one floor construction and is surrounded by trees and trails … all nature which was what inspired him to create art in the first place. The beautiful nature and environment that surrounded him. For example, a painting that he is most known for is the "Woodland Waterfall" in Algonquin Park.

The cultural and ecological significance that this building holds not only on the grounds of McMichael but its original location in Toronto is to understand that "painting" and being an artist was not funded back in the days as it should have been. Tom Thomson spent $1 a month renting this "shack", which was a lot during the early 1900s. He was lucky enough to live here, but also create his famous art pieces in. He was able to cook, have friends over while also trying to create a living. It is a home to memories for those like A.Y. Jackson and Thoreau MacDonald (whom were other artists) (Dexter, 1968). The thing that makes him such a significant artist to many around the world is the connection that he can make with nature and his ability to read the landscapes and truly portray the weather, terrain, animals, spirits etc. and make you really feel like you are there living in that exact moment (Foley,2019). They say his ability to study land and articulate it to express the indigenous knowledge reflects how significant his contributions were to the world and Canada in particular (Foley, 2019).

The role in which humans play in terms of Tom Thomson and his shack is the idea that they are keeping his legacy alive. They are portraying his pieces of art, they are letting people visit his replica home where it all began, they are making it known to the world and Canadian history that he was in fact the most influential Canadian artist. He gave people and still does to this day a visual of what the Canadian landscape truly entails (Murray et al, 2013).

Municipality: Vaughan

Local area name: Kleinburg

Other identifying names or descriptions: McMichael Canadian Art Gallery

Latitude and longitude: Latitude: N 43° 51.97308' & Longitude: W 79° 37.198097'

Physical Dimensions

Length: 43' 33''

Width:17' 11''

Surface Area: 650 sq. ft.

Elevation:

Highest Point: 225 m

Lowest Point: 217 m

The Tom Thomson Shack is a reconstructed building located in Kleinburg, Ontario that replicates what was once his studio and home. It is also originally formed on the lands of the Ojibwe Anishinaabe People. It is because of Tom Thomson and his fellow artists that helped the McMichael Art Gallery become what it is today. It is 100 acres of forested land along the Humber River that embraces Canadian Art. The McMichael Conservation of Art Gallery officially opened in 1966 to the province of Ontario, while in 1968 the Tom Thomson shack was moved from Toronto to Kleinburg. Tom Thomson and the Group of Seven were artists who were inspired by the natural landscape thus, they are whom the art collection revolves around. This building holds a great deal of significance. For those whom he shared it with it was a building for "new ideas, experiments, discussions, plans for the future and visions of art inspired by the Canadian countryside" (Jackson, 2020). This location has become a tourist hot spot over the years. As mentioned in the reading "The Land Between the Lakes"it is evident that over time the more and more tourism that this location develops the more affect it will have on the environment and land (Brown et al, 2010). This location is not only known for art but the hiking trails, trees, views, wildlife and more, so as years go on and the tourism continues to develop – the environment and those running the historical site are finding ways to improve and make the aspects flourish continuously.

Biota:

The Tom Thomson shack is a known to be a part of a conservation area that is located on the Humber River valley floodplain. The land was originally cleared for farming; so, the majority of the land is in a state of regrowth (Grounds & Trails, 2020). It consists of meadows, shrubs and pin plantations. Due to the fact that the state of the area is in regrowth there are parts constructed for parking which is evidentially resulting in a loss of trees and forested areas. Habitats are broken up to create the trails and buildings. The human interaction with the environment will definitely have an impact on the animal's habitats and such however it would not completely destroy anything that's living simply because the property in itself is protected by conservation. The conservation area of McMichael and the Tom Thomson shack was developed with keeping two things in mind; incorporating ecological principles (species) and the environmental amenities for the citizens in a way that the environment would not be damaged (Marzluff et al. 2008, p.116). An equal outcome is portrayed through the balance and maintenance of system checks and monitoring (Hough, p.131). It is important to note that overtime the natural areas of this property would have been developed through the idea of creating roadways, and other ways of transporting through the town and property. Even though these disturbances did occur and still occur the originality of natural resources do still remain, even if it means remnants of it (Hough, p.90).

The property is known to be home to many maple, oak and pine trees. These types of plants surround the property and have created such a forested habitat for many species and have provided the basis to life (Hough, p. 86). The importance that the soil, plants, floor and other parts of forest vegetation is vital for some species that feed and breed off of these things (Hough, p.131). They also have evergreen trees and plants within the tender category (Darby, 2020). The local landscape was developed mainly because of the artwork donated and portrayed is heavily influenced on the ideology of nature and the beauty within it. Therefore, the place must be somewhere for not just people but animals as well to embrace the nature and everything that comes with it.

The animals/species that are within this area vary. This area is home to many white-tailed deer who need the forest in order to accommodate their way of travel which is through natural areas that have shrubs (Atwood & Gibson, 2011). During the fall, the male deer's rub their antlers on the trees to help mark their territory, thus, without a forested area surrounding this conservation area, this type of specie would be affected and be forced to migrate somewhere else. There are many wild animals like; birds, fish and small mammals. Often times squirrels, rabbits and chipmunks are seen running from one side of the area to the other. Occasionally the land is home to wild turkeys, foxes, and beavers. Skunks are extremely common in this area because their habitats usually consist of being under decks or sheds, in which aside from the Tom Thomson shack there is other buildings that can provide that type of habitat for skunks (Atwood & Gibson, 2011). They are active at night meaning the capability to catch their prey is much higher because there is less human activity occurring as oppose to during the day. They have really poor vision and do not have a long-life expectancy – therefore for the time that they are alive, it is essential to understand that human activity is heavily depended on when it comes to ruining their habitat and forested roots.

Geomorphology:

To begin, Kleinburg has a lot of historic value to it, dating back to the mid 1800s. The location is amongst two hilly topographies between two branches of the Humber River. In 1848, an individual by the name John Nicholas Kline decided to buy 83 acres of land in this town. From buying to developing he built two mills; one sawmill and another gristmill. Along with the development of mills, there was also riverside villages that developed (Vaughan Archives, 2020). After the success of these small developments the land purchased by Kline was further divided into eight smaller lots, which was encouraging other establishments to flourish. The start of the Kline Mills was the backbone to the continuous growth of the commercial center of Kleinburg. The development of the second sawmill in Kleinburg was known and still is known to this day as the Stegman's Mill. In the year 1970 Kleinburg because the known stop for people to rest when they were coming to and from Toronto, specifically for farmers or merchants (Vaughan Archives, 2020). South of the core of Kleinburg is the home of the Tom Thomson shack, the McMichael Canadian Art Gallery, which was a property donated to the Province. The log home has a significance in terms of embracing Canadian art. A cemetery was constructed in order to honor the original members of the Group of Seven whom influenced the start of this gallery.

The area of Kleinburg has different soil types. The main soil type consists of well drained sandy loams and clay loams. Along Huntington road, there is an overlay of Brighton sandy loam soil that comes from the stratified sand and gravel. The soils complexity derives from the close by Humber River slopes and bottomland that forms the clay like soil. The bottomland alluvial soils offer drainage, rich in minerals and nutrients with a great deal of potential for crop soil. The drainage is vital for the turnover of the soil. Referring to diagram # (), it is explaining the potential of what could happen through the construction phase of urbanizing an area. There is construction happening along the road that the Tom Thomson is located on. Due to the fact that Kleinburg itself is located on a hilly topography and construction does occur in that town, the sediment supply begins to decrease (Paul & Meyer, 2008). Though development projects are furthering in this community they are continuously "sealing" the soil by covering what exists and paving over the soil surfaces to produce urbanization (Wessolek, 2008). No doubt that this good soil in and around the Kleinburg village is depleted because the quality of it, makes it seemingly easier to build up in such a favorable location. The community offers loamy soils meaning that the water levels and nutrient contents have produced over the many years an arguably good opportunity for development. Evidentially, the mills are not in existence to this society because of the advancement and modernization the economy has developed. This creates the loss in vegetation areas due to the urban developments, however the McMichael Art Gallery has protected the habitat fragmentation from being destroyed from the idea of "sealing" (Wessolek, 2008).

According to the North Kleinburg-Nashville development plan, there was specific guidelines that enlisted the development of such natural environment be protected by all means. The intent of the plan is to protect and enhance the existing heritage of the community (The Planning Partnership, 2012). This design ensured sustainable, conservation of natural, cultural and built heritage features. One specific by law they made that limits the amount of pollution and development is the idea that no building can be any taller than a 3-storey structure (The Planning Partnership, 2012). Thus, allowing to minimize the community congestion and maintain natural growth of trees, pedestrians to enjoy the calm and scenic village.

Hydrogeology:

Today, the area in which the Tom Thomson shack is situated within the Humber River watershed. There are seven watercourses that intersect this town of Kleinburg (Parsons Inc., 2017). There are a few isolated ponds within the area as well. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, there are nine wetlands in the area (Parsons Inc., 2017). A larger wetland is located west of the McMichael grounds. These types of wetlands would be known to having a shallow water table. Additionally, the way in which the town receives possible drinking water is through the private wells or municipal services. There is a water main that exists along Nashville road, which is a road that connects to Islington, in which the gallery is located on (Parsons Inc., 2017). There is sewage services due to the close proximity it has to commercial buildings. Kleinburg has an elevated water tank with existing water storages that provide the flow of water to existing water systems in York Region (NVWWS, 2015).

The idea of contaminated water is not of severe concern to the city of Vaughan, however over time the numerous railways that cross over this town can present levels of pollution. Maintenance work that is constantly occurring around the area of Kleinburg can also increase the likelihood of contaminating the small rivers and ponds that are nearby. No extreme excavations are required or happen on the McMichael grounds meaning the ideology of dewatering will not be present (Parsons Inc., 2017).

The fact that surrounding the Tom Thomson shack there is swamps, small river streams, having those provides surface water for the wildlife which mentioned previously, there does have existing wildlife. It also provides recreation, irrigation and industrial processes (Alberti, 2007). Thus, having surface water readily available allows for food and energy to flow into other biota's like plants and wood materials. It essentially has a positive function and the need for these to be respected is vital for not just animals but for the use of humans too.

Natural changes in hydrogeology in the Humber river system in 2008, was reportedly poor due to the extremely high levels of nutrients, heavy metals and e coli (Kleinburg-Nashville background report, 2009). The decline in fishery habitats is due to the degradation of the habitat itself, and the declining water quality and the barriers that in streams endure during each season.

As for human induced changes that would have occurred to the local landscape chosen would be highly unlikely simply because anything going through a proposed development stage must be approved. There are various policies and regulations that correspond with this specific region because of the fact that the McMichael Art Gallery falls under the heritage conservation, everything is protected (CVOP, 2019). Though, Kleinburg has two existing water wells. The first was built in 1960 and the second in 1990. In 2006, the first well was found to be inadequate for its capacity. Over various testing of the function of those two wells, it was determined that the construction of new water treatment facilities is required in order to maximize the servicing capacity. The work began in 2008 ("North Kleinburg-Nashville Secondary Plan", 2010).

Climate/Micro-Climate:

The city of Vaughan which the Tom Thomson shack is located in is in an area with an increasing changing climate. The temperatures are increasing. The average temperature that Vaughan reports annually is on the rise of 1.4 degrees. It is estimated that within the next thirty years it could rise from 2.5 to 3.7 degrees (Wolnik et al., 2014). In 2013 Vaughan and the municipalities inside experienced extreme weather concerns that resulted in deep freeze and ice storms. From these storms, it made an impact on things like roads, trees, pipes and sewer systems (Wolnik et al., 2014). Even houses were impacted by these storms, in the sense of redoing their shingles that were stripped away, windows broken and driveways froze to pieces. Following that year of ice storms, Vaughan encountered periods of heavy rainfalls. From the year 2015 to present day the GTA is experiencing long heat-waves, flooding, wind and ice storms – a clear idea that climate change is occurring. Climate change can be reduced through human changes, in which the city of Vaughan has created an action plan to reduce the emissions set out into the environment that will only become successful if the people, leaders and community as a whole start acting in the direction of change (Wolnik et al., 2014). The effects that these extreme weather conditions have had on the physical community itself, oftentimes disregards the idea that plants and habitats have been destroyed and the microclimate is in need to regrowth. Since Vaughan is concerned at this very moment of the temperate changing, Hough suggests that temperatures can be controlled within an urban city through the reduction in vapors emitted into the air, conducting better ways to store heat related materials for building, controlling the variations of wind that are around buildings and lastly, reducing the airborne pollutants in the atmosphere (Hough, 2008). Kleinburg specifically is growing in terms or urbanization, however simply because they are covered under the heritage and conservation act – they are able to limit the amount natural soils that are sealed reducing the negative impact of an urban climate (Marzluff, 2008).

Archaeological Influences:

Kleinburg was also known as the "Skandatut-Kleinburg Cultural Heritage Landscape or the Kleinburg-Ossuary" ("Archaeological Services Inc.",2009). The McMichael Art Gallery was officially built in 1966, with the Tom Thomson shack being built in 1968 however the land was excavated in 1970 and during this project, it was found that 561 individuals remains were located on the land. The excavations discovered this area to be from an Iroquoian village with two sites that are linked to the Hurn/Petun ancestry ("Archaeological Services Inc.", 2009). It is understood that within this community there are plant species that date back to 1835, thus understanding that regenerating forest growth from the abandonment had occurred since the 16^thcentury. The artifacts that were discovered along the surface was limited. However, they found ceramic vessels, Late Woodland projectile points (tools) ("Archaeological Services Inc.", 2009). They also collected beads, which date back to the earliest time period there could have been European contact on the land involving trade ("Archaeological Services Inc.", 2009).

Four burials were also discovered which showed evidence of one extended, one flexed, one bundle and one partial individual("Archaeological Services Inc.", 2009).

Land Use History:

During the excavation project in 1970, it was clear that in some of the deposits iron style trade axes, iron kettles, shell beads, native copper beads and glass trade beads were discovered. There was a large collection of stone tools were found. They discovered knives made from iron. Evidentially the various beading objects discovered were a way in which tribes would've traded amongst each other for something they may have needed. During this time of excavation, the wood items discovered produced the ideology that these peoples were craftsmen ("Archaeological Services Inc.", 2009). The Kleinburg area of Skandatut can be understood as the latest and most northerly of the Iroquoian Humber River sites that represents occupations that occurred during the mid 16^thcentury. It can also indicate that this type of area was the last moments and occupations before migration began to Huronia.

Education / Interpretation:

The McMichael center is a place known to many different school boards for an excellent source of educational programs. Not only do they offer the scenic experiences but they offer programs to help advance visual literacy, creative thinking, interpretation and communication skills ("A Creative Approach to Learning", 2020). On the site, they offer virtual, in-gallery and different studio programs to engage students and other age groups to face the challenges, obstacles and issues of today's society whether it be socially or environmentally. Although a lot of schools take field trips to this landscape, it is not just students who benefit from the programs they offer. They offer drop in workshops for adults, they offer accessibility studios for those who are impaired and they even do group guided tours and experiences catered specifically to your group ("A Creative Approach to Learning", 2020). Aside from the indoor educational services they offer, they also offer outdoor tours through the grounds. Examples of things they offer are; virtual tour of the group of seven, virtual tour of indigenous art and sculptures, virtual tour of john Hartman art, and then even in person painting sessions. Evidentially, Kleinburg was built on the fact that it is a cultural entity; shaping human heritage, value and beliefs through the natural and cultural environment it has to offer (Baeker & Hanna, 2009). The planning of the city was more geared to the magnetic and attractive atmosphere it could encounter by expanding the cultural knowledge to its people. Often times the idea to incorporate such a historic and cultural entity in a small community was because it was different than most, it offered things that you would not be able to find elsewhere which is why today even more so than before this landscape flourishes (Baeker and Hanna, 2009).

Architectural Heritage:

As mentioned before the Tom Thomson shack lays on very valuable land that dates back to the 16^thcentury. This landscape was brought from Toronto to the Kleinburg location. It is significant within the Canadian Art perspective and now holds importance to the community and citizens as a place where someone once worked and lived creating today what we call master pieces. All buildings, sculptures, trails and pieces of art have been preserved and put on display to share with the community. This land and everything that comes with the land is protected by the conservation, there are plenty of rules and regulations put in place to ensure that what still exists and what gets added is protected.

Recreational Uses:

The recreational uses that occur within the chosen landscape would be the various trails for walking as well as biking. It also offers picnic areas and look out points. There is also a sculpture garden and a cemetery that can be visited. Another trail is available that links the property of the McMichael Art Gallery to the village of Kleinburg, make it accessible to visit the local shops, restaurants and cafes while also immersing in the heritage of Canadian art.

Ownership, jurisdiction, access, and management:

The McMichael Art Gallery and the Tom Thomson shack is an agency of the Government of Ontario. It is the only public fine art gallery in the nation which also emphasizes on Canadian art and the indigenous art and culture of our country (Agency of the Government of Ontario, 2020). It is also the gallery of record that holds onto works from the Inuit community. They are the keepers of the Cape Dorset archive. The original building was founded by Robert and Signe McMichael. Today, Ian Dejardin and Sarah Milroy are the directors (Agency of the Government of Ontario, 2020).

The landscape is built with a modernist design that includes fieldstone and hand-hewn logs. It includes thirteen exhibition galleries from floor to ceiling windows that allow visitors to view the wooded Humber River Valley. There is 100 acres of forested land and a wilderness garden that was planted to echo the northern forest. There is a board of trustees for this landscape and everything is reported from them to the legislature of tourism, culture and sport ("Board and Staff", 2020). The way the land looks today is maintained by those on the trustee team to ensure it maintains its appeal and culture. They do have volunteers and a foundation board as well.

The landscape is zoned as a residential area, however the part of the property that contains the trails and rivers are zoned as greenbelt. The zoning by-laws and determined zone play an effect on the landscape because according to the by-laws that's how structures are built or rejuvenated. There are certain criteria's that each zoning section must follow in order to comply with the law constructed for that area ("Zoning by-law",2020).

The McMichael Art Gallery, Tom Thomson Shack and Kleinburg in general is located in the municipality of Vaughan. Vaughan has become a very industrialized and developed town over the years (Quaranta, 2018). It is surrounded by Major Mackenzie Drive, Kirby Road, Highway 27, and Pine Valley Road. The little hub of Kleinburg is located on a strip block on Islington avenue. There are elegant shops, cafes and restaurants around this gallery. It is almost every day that you see people shop, eat, walk and cycle in the surrounding neighborhood. There are trails connecting Boyd Park and the Kortright Center. These two conservation areas near the McMichael Art Gallery host various events during the year bringing the community member together and attract outsiders to the area. There are two very known golf courses nearby; Copper Creek and Nobelton Lakes (Quaranta, 2018). Not only do these golf courses allow people to enjoy the sport of golf, but it is capable of housing weddings, private events and tournaments. Hosting various events nearby allows for individuals to attend the Kleinburg area to take photos in which entails a rich historic village. The gallery is also a fifteen-minute drive from Ontario's largest amusement park known as Canada's Wonderland, and also, Vaughan Mills Shopping Outlet Mall. It is adjacent to major highways (Quaranta, 2018), TTC busses and the GO train. Thus, allowing for travel in and out of the city accessible to many. Even though it has plenty of development projects around the area, not just with housing but with roadway expansions, the village of Kleinburg never loses the cultural and historic significance dating back to the 1960s when the development truly began.

As an evolving city, it is evident that the urban landscape is influenced through the urbanization as well as the way in which the land is being processed. Processed in the sense that humans will be impacted in a positive way and that the developments will further improve the lives of those in the surrounding areas while doing everything to reserve the natural, cultural and ecological divisions of the environment (Alberti, 2008)

Communities evolve through the interactions that individuals have and their actions as a whole (Marzluff, 2008). Evidentially, a community like Kleinburg has evolved since the 1960s because of the dominant human interaction that is continuously embracing and developing the heritage to this town.

The McMichael Canadian Art Collection

Chair: Doug McDonald

Executive Director: Ian Dejardin

Manager, Operations:Sheri Guevara Mann (sguevara-mann@mcmichael.com)

10365 Islington Avenue

Kleinburg, Ontario, Canada

L0J 1C0

Tel: 905-893-1121

Toll Free: 1-888-213-1121

Fax: 905-893-0692

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