The landscape being looked at covers the area bounded by Rice Road, Port Robinson Road and Highway 20 in Fonthill. The perimeter of this site is 2,748.43 meters and the site has an area of 443,218.6m² (Google Earth, 2020).The main feature of this area is the Meridian Community Centre (known as the new Pelham Arena) which was completed in July of 2018 and first opened in September of 2018 (Town of Pelham, 2018). Beside the arena there are major commercial areas and a retail complex as well as housing developments that run along Rice Road. The housing developments consist of a mix of single-detached dwellings, semi-detached dwellings, townhouses, and condominiums which will eventually be built right up to the Meridian Community Centre. About ten years ago there were no signs of a community centre or housing on this stretch of land.

Going back to 1934, this whole stretch of land from Rice Road to Highway 20 was agricultural lands with some farms. These lands only became residential around 2000 when a few homes were built along Rice Road. The large-scale housing projects started in 2016 on Rice Road are causing significant changes to the look of the land. The green grass fields gradually changed into bare lots for new housing (Niagara Navigator, 2020).

The recent development on Rice Road has caused some negative impacts to the surrounding environment. Before the development there was wildlife that lived on these lands. Some wildlife has been displaced due to the development. The Town of Pelham has identified that the Eastern coyote is one of the most common animals that the local residents find near their property. The coyotes can end up in people's backyards and on their streets since these animals have been displaced due to development in the region (Town of Pelham, 2020). Pelham, which was once an agricultural landscape full of natural habitats, is now a hub for commercial and residential development.

Municipality: Pelham, ON

Local area name: Fonthill, ON

Other identifying names or descriptions: New Pelham Arena

Latitude and longitude: 43⁰ 02"52.1" N 79⁰16'19.0" W

Physical Dimensions

Length: 2,748.43 m

Width: 443,218.6m²

Surface Area: N/A

Elevation:

Highest / lowest point: Lowest 195m /Highest 207m

About the Meridian Community Centre Landscape

Fonthill Ontario used to be mainly known for its agricultural lands and nurseries where the land was mainly inhabited. Back in the 1930's there would only be a very few farms and homes located on the land. There were Carolinian forests located around the open fields as well (Niagara Navigator, 2020). Plants and animals were able to live around Eastern Fonthill since there was very few developments.

The Meridian Community Centre is located in a close distance to the Niagara Escarpment which is at a much higher elevation than where the complex is located at. The Niagara Escarpment is a well-known land feature around the Niagara Region and Ontario which the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has classified this site as a World Biosphere Reserve (Brown, Middleton & Vaughn, 2010).

Source: Jarod Preston

Front view of Meridian Community Centre in Fonthill ON

The surrounding lands beside the Meridian Community Centre are mostly taken over by larger subdivisions. Much of the green fields were plowed over and are now brownfield sites. There is still some plant life left in patches beside the subdivisions where there is a diversity of plants. Much of the animal life that was living on Rice Road were displaced once the construction of the subdivisions and the Meridian Community Center started.

This report headlines how the landscape from 1934-2010 goes through a significant change in appearance. From a stretch of land that goes untouched for thousands of years, is now a busy section of subdivision development, retail complexes, high amounts of traffic and a large scale community center that took out a large section of land for the building itself and for parking.

Biota

Plant Species

There are very little plant species around this site. This is an issue since plants are a major source of oxygen for the atmosphere. Animals depend on plant life to live as well as humans (Hough, 2004). The forest type that associates with the Eastern Fonthill area is the Carolinian Forests. These forests are also referred to as Deciduous forests (Carolinian Canada, 2004). These forests are found all around Southern Ontario and have the lowest area of forests in Ontario (Ontario, 2019). There is only a certain amount of plant species that are suited to grow in Niagara's climate and can be found in Fonthill such as the Eastern White Cedar Trees and the Tulip Tree. The Eastern White Cedar is a type of plant that can be found all around the Niagara Escarpment and can live for over 200 years. This plant has cone-shaped edges to them with a thin bark to them (Ontario, 2019). Tulip Trees are a common tree that is found in the Southern Niagara Peninsula. They are very tall trees that can go up to 35 meters in height (Ontario, 2019).

Animal Species

Wildlife of any kind can be found throughout any forested area, wetland or marshes (Hough, 2004). There are a variety of different animal species that reside in Fonthill and around the Rice Road area. Since the entire area being looked at is under development there was major difficulty finding any animals in the area. There are common species such as squirrels, rabbits and deer that live in around the Niagara Region. There are specific animals that live in deciduous forested areas in Ontario that include the gray tree frog, milk snake and the red-bellied woodpecker (Ontario, 2019). The video below is from Niagara Parks who discusses the Grey Tree Frog that resides in Southern Ontario.

Endangered/Threatened Species

Since this landscape has gone through infrastructure development many animal and plant habitats have been destroyed. The animals that lived around Rice Road in the 1900's are not present any longer. . The animal displacement in this area may have caused a population decrease to some of the species. Some of the animals that are endangered in Southern Niagara and reside around the Niagara Escarpment are the Jefferson Salamander and the Massasauga Rattlesnake (Bruce Trial Conservancy, 2020). Plants such as the Eastern Flowering Dogwood are endangered in Fonthill and around the Niagara Peninsula. This is a white flower that grows during the springtime and has green leaves that grow beside it (Bruce Trail Conservancy, 2020).

Source: Jarod's Preston

Grassfields with forests in behind off Port Robinson Road in Pelham

Changes to Biota from Human Interaction

There is an increase in development in Niagara from many people leaving Toronto to come down to the Niagara Region. More plant life will continue to be destroyed in Fonthill with the increased demand to live there. In Fonthill around Rice Road most of the forested areas have been displaced. As you can see in the picture above there is very little forest area left in the distance. With no animals present, the predator prey cycle has changed for animals where they have to go into the communities to find sources of food. Fonthill like many municipalities all over Ontario, have to deal with the problem of raccoons. If raccoons' homes are destroyed, they will go into resident's garbage's to pick out food. Animals that become city dwellers, such as rats and raccoons, can bring on certain diseases to humans (Hough, 2004).

Physical Features of the Meridian Community Centre Landscape

There are a variety of different soil textures all over Niagara . Some textures can be rougher than others and some are smoother depending on the climate of the area. The soils that are typically found in Fonthill are red soils that are full of sand and gravel. These soils also drain very easily as well. (Kingston & Presant, 1989). There are also clay till soils in Fonthill that are relatively flat. The soils in Fonthill have high permeability,meaning that the rainfall can easily enter through the soils.(Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 1999). There are many hills and slopes that were developed in Fonthill due to the ground effectively draining soils (Brown, 2010).

Most of the ground surfaces around the Meridian Community Centre are sealed due to the major development in the area. Sealing is a term used to describe soil surfaces that are covered up due to the ground being paved. The temperatures of the soils that are under paved ground are usually higher than average soil temperatures on the surface (Marzuff, 2008). There are very limited amounts of soil on the surface in Southern Fonthill, where the majority of the ground surface is gravel. Much of the ground soil was removed to make way for new roads to that lead to the Meridian Community Centre and the new subdivision developments. The picture below shows how much of the ground has be paved for roads that connect the subdivisions to the new Meridian Community Centre. The community center has a major parking lot all around the building which is paved. When soil types are altered with, it can affect the plant and animal species that live in that area (Marzuff, 2008). Plants rely of on soil for growth and animals rely of soil as a source of nutrients. The Meridian Community Centre is located on mostly flat land on smaller hills. Most of the town of Fonthill is located on up on a hill where the soil types are going to be different than at the bottom on the hill.

Source: Jarod Preston

Streetview of Meridian Community Centre

Natural Changes in Geomorphology

The Town of Fonthill has a history of glaciation. Fonthill is known for having the Fonthill Kame-Delta which was a glacial lake that was located east of where the Great Lakes are situated today (Niagara Falls Info, 2020). Once the glaciers in Lake Erie started to crack and retreat, the southern point of the Wisconsin Glacier stayed the same in Fonthill and around the Niagara Peninsula. Water that was melting from the retreating Wisconsin Glacier started to form little glacial lakes at the bottom of the hills. The pieces falling from the top of the glacier started to create the Fonthill Kame Delta (Niagara Falls Info, 2020).

Source: Voice of Pelham

Overhead View of Construction of Merdian Community Centre

Human-Caused Changes to the Landscape

Most of the landscape around Southern Fonthill is made up of more human- made infrastructure than natural features. An area that was once full of farms and known for its agriculture is now becoming a busy residential and retail hub.

There was destruction to the natural landscape and the agricultural land to build the shopping centers, the new subdivisions and the Meridian Community Centre. Before the development in this area, plowing was one of the processes that humans used to change the landscape. Plowing was necessary for farming purposes, especially from 1930-1950 where there were not many construction technologies around. After 2010 grading was used to change the landscape where more roads would be built and fields and forests would be cut down. The photo above from the Voice of Pelham (2018) shows in the wintertime how the landscape looked during the construction of the Meridian Community Centre. Behind the Community Centre there are houses that are in the beginning stages of the construction process. The landscape now looks extremely different from when it did back in 1930.

Major Hydrogeological Features near the Meridian Community Centre

Even though there used to be glacial lakes in the Town of Fonthill, there are no major lakes or rivers present around the Meridian Community Centre. There are only small ponds left that are found behind some of the new subdivisions in Southern Fonthill. The drainage basin used for the Meridian Community Centre and the surrounding housing developments is the Port Robinson West Sub Watershed. Drainage basins are extremely important for a city or town since they drain the rainwater to an open reservoir system such as a lake or river (USGS, 2020). The Port Robinson West Sub Watershed is over 14km long and drains water from Fonthill the west parts of the City of Thorold and the west side of the City of Welland. The rainwater that pours onto Southern Fonthill ends up getting drained into the Welland Canal (Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 1999). Due to the increase in rural and urban development in Fonthill, more drainage areas need to be updated around the Meridian Centre to prevent flooding in the community.

Significant Natural Changes in Hydrology Over Time

The Town of Fonthill, during the Wisconsin Glaciation, was full of meltwater that created small lakes full of glacier water. The Fonthill Kame was formed due to the falling sediments coming off the glaciers (Niagara Falls Info, 2020). Now the Fonthill Kame is now an area that is mainly composed of sediment. Thousands of years later those lakes are no longer present due to global warming as well as urban and rural development in Pelham.

Human Induced Changes in Hydrology Over Time

The landscape of the Town of Fonthill looks nothing like it did back during the glacier era. The massive water features that formed in the Fonthill Kame are no longer present. Since the development of housing and the community center began in 2016, there are very little sources of water left. Most of the subdivisions around the community center have massive ponds behind them. In these ponds' animals such as frogs, salamanders, toads and ducks can be seen. Most of the ponds are surrounded by long grass. The picture on the right shows a massive pond behind a brand-new subdivision on Rice Road and Port Robinson road. These ponds are usually left alone by humans and not used for recreational use.

From human development around the community centre the water cycle has been affected. From using water for infrastructure, the flow of water in the watersheds gets affected. In urbanized areas, water runs much faster off surfaces and can collect different bacteria and pollutants that can affect the quality of water (Alberti, 2008). As of 2016, Fonthill has become an urbanized area which now increases the chance of water runoff when it starts to rain in the area.

During development of an area it is important that the residents living in a city or town have drinking water and that they have proper running water. Since the towns' water can get mixed in with bad pollutants, there needs to be a proper water management system put in place. The Town of Pelham regularly uses a Quality Management Standard to make sure that the water is clean enough for people to drink. Towns used to use lead for their water pipes to transfer water, however the Town of Pelham does not use lead pipes due to the risk of contamination to the water (Town of Pelham, 2019).

Climate

The Town of Fonthill experiences a generally moderate climate year-round since the town is located right between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie (Niagara Pennisula, n.d). This moderate climate in Fonthill has been beneficial for those working in the agricultural industry and those that have nurseries and wineries. The climate around Fonthill and the Niagara Region is one of the best spots for the growth of fruits and vegetables (Niagara Pennisula, n.d). The Niagara Region experiences humid summers and winters that are damp and that get influxes of freezing rain at times. Warm weather in Fonthill can run from May into the month of September and sometimes even late October. Cold weather in Fonthill can run from late October to the end of April. In the winter season Fonthill and the Niagara Region experiences little snowfall where the temperature barely dips below the freezing mark. Much of the snowfall that happens in the Niagara Peninsula turns into freezing rain since the temperature does not usually stay below freezing (Niagara Peninsula, n.d).

The climate in Fonthill and the Niagara Region has changed significantly from the glacier era to the era of human development and growth in a region. When there are more buildings in a community it creates a blockage for cold air and wind to move through (Hough, 2008). Urban towns and cities create urban heat islands where the temperature is warmer than in the rural areas. Back in the 1930's-2000 before there was any major development on Rice Road in Fonthill there would have been a colder climate year-round since there was very little infrastructure to block any airflow coming into the area.

Source: Jarod Preston

Paved Roads on land next to Meridian Community Centre

The Meridian Community Centre is located in one of the busiest areas in all of Pelham, with the main town and the massive shopping complex nearby. This means that there is high traffic coming in and out of the area all day. In cities of high traffic, air pollution is very common. Pollution can also happen from the construction of buildings and paving of roads Air pollution causes global warming to happen where the overall climate changes to having much warmer temperatures (Hough, 2008). The major development of the Meridian Community, roads and subdivisions in the area have contributed to the increasing amount of pollution around Southern Fonthill. The picture above shows the tow roads that have been paved into the landscape. During the paving process of the road, motorized trucks would have been sending pollutants into the air as well as the asphalt from drilling into the ground. When the ground is being drilled into the particulates can rise up into the atmosphere.

Pre-Settlement Areas Within the Meridian Community Center.

There are no famous historical features where the Meridian Community Centre and the surrounding housing developments are located. The lack of historical features is due to the fact that the lands where the community centre is currently located used to be undeveloped agricultural lands. There were a few farms in the area (according to Niagara Navigator imagery) from 1934-1980. Actual building development only started to happen at the turn of the 21^st century where there were more than just farmlands located around Rice Road and Highway 20. The major subdivision development started as of 2016 with the Meridian Community Centre.

History of Land Use Near the Meridian Community Centre

The nearest historical feature to the Meridian Community Centre is a couple of kilometers up on the hill which was a former inn which is located beside the former Keith's Restaurant on the corner of Pelham Street and Highway 20. The Town of Pelham does not protect this site under its cultural and heritage act since there are no structural issues with the building (St.Catharines Standard, 2020). There is a developer that wants to tear down the historical inn and and turn it into a mix-used residential and commercial building. The area where the old Keith's restaurant was in Fonthill is not in part of the plans to be torn down (St.Catharines Standard, 2020).

Education Resources used Towards the Meridian Community Centre Landscape

Since the new development in this study area happened in recent time, there are not many sources for historical sites since, this area was primarily undeveloped land. The official site for the Town of Pelham was one of the only sources to find information about the construction of the Meridian Community Centre and the new subdivisions. The Town of Pelham stores all of their recent official plans and zoning by laws on their website. News articles around the Niagara Region were used to get information on the public's feedback on to the new developments regarding the Meridian Community Centre and the surrounding subdivisions.

There were no specific sites in Fonthill that were related to animal and plant species . The Government of Ontario website was used to identify certain plant and website also provided information on which species were endangered in the Niagara Region.The Bruce Trail Conservancy also provided additional information on plants and animals situated around Fonthill and certain animals that are endangered.

Most of the images used for the Meridian Community Centre and the surrounding sites were taken from my personal iPhone since there were very few available pictures online and none found on the library sites. This landscape does not have much history of any developments besides some farms that are spread around amongst the area.

Architectural Heritage of the Meridian Community Centre Landscape

It is vitally important for all communities to have a sense of place that differentiates them from other areas. Having a sense of place can give a city or a town an identity where they are known for their landscape. Many planners and tourist operators know that the uniqueness and the authenticity of their municipality can attract more visitors to their community (Baeker & Hanna, 2009). Communities that maintain a sense of place may help them bring in more tourists which can lead to tourism revenue.

Fonthill has some historical features such as the Fontill Kame and the Old Fonthill Inn that are unique features to the town. The landscape where the Meridian Community Centre is located has no architectural heritage left. There are no existing farms left from when Rice Road and Highway 20 was an agricultural site.

Since the development from the new Meridian Community Center started in 2016, none of the farms or heritage sites were left protected. The Meridian Community Centre is now protected under the Town of Pelham and the multiple subdivisions are protected by the developer who built them. Any of the trails and small parks within the subdivisions are town property and are controlled by the Town of Pelham.

Source: Jarod Preston

Picture of one of the subdivisions with paved sidewalks in Fonthill, ON

Recreational Uses at and around the Meridian Community Centre

Since the Town of Pelham owns the Meridian Community Centre, they control all the recreational facilities at the complex. Private organizations such as the Pelham Panthers hockey and basketball clubs rent out the arenas and courts at the community centre. The public also has access to the track and fitness facilities (Town of Pelham, 2019).

There are no marked hiking trails located around the Meridian Community Centre. By walking around this area there were only sidewalks to walk on and no trails as seen in the picture above. The subdivisions surrounding the complex have complete sidewalks for the local residents to walk around their neighborhood. The closest paths to the Meridian Community Centre where people can walk, or bike is the Steve Bauer Trail which is located right on Cataract Road which is 2 minutes away. The Steve Bauer Trail is a trail that extends six kilometers from Quaker Road in Fonthill all the way to the Welland River (Ontario Trails, 2020). The Steve Bauer trails network is under the jurisdiction of the Town of Pelham. The Steve Bauer Trail does connect to the Bruce Trail which is joined under Ontario Provincial Jurisdiction.

Ownership, jurisdiction, access, and management

The Town of Pelham controls the lands on which the Meridian Community Centre is located. Private developers own the subdivisions that are located around the Meridian Community Centre. For the developers to get the approval for the new subdivisions, they would need to get permission from the Town of Pelham. The towns' city council would have to approve the development. One of the proposed subdivisions called Saffron Meadows in the Town of Pelham has land occupied on Port Robinson Road and Rice Road. This development is in the second phase and whenever the development gets approved construction for the subdivision can start for the proposed site.

Source: Jarod's Iphone

Picture of Town of Pelham Public Notice for Proposed Subdivision on Port Robinson Road

Public Access is permitted around the subdivisions beside the Meridian Community Centre. There are certain communities up the hill in Fonthill that are gated where public access is restricted. The subdivisions on Rice Road are not gated communities, meaning that they are not multi-million-dollar homes. The community centre is open to the public where anyone from Fonthill or around the Niagara Region have access to the facility.

The land ownership around the community centre has changed since development started happening on Rice Road and Port Robinson Road. In 1934 this land was zoned as agricultural and was primarily used for farming. This land is now no longer used for farming and the addition of homes, retail complexes and the community centre have caused the land to look differently.

The Town of Pelham has various zoning categories for their land designations. The land designations for the Meridian Community Centre and the surrounding developments come s from the Town of Pelham's Zoning by Law map for Fonthill and East Fonthill. The commercial zones around the community centre that are located on Highway 20 are known as Highway Commercial (HC) (Town of Pelham, 2019). Businesses on this street such as Food Basics, Peter Piper's Restaurant and Tim Hortons would all be designated as HC. Most of the subdivision development located on Rice Road are designated as Residential Multiple 1 (RM1). This designation allows any single detached house, as well as home businesses (Town of Pelham, 2019).

Source: Town of Pelham Zoning By Law

Type of Zones around the Meridian Community Centre

There are proposed condos right off of Rice Road designed by Mountain view Homes . Construction began on these condos on August 2020. These condos are on land that is zoned Residential Multiple Village 2.This means that apartments and condos are permitted uses on this land (Town of Pelham, 2020).

The Meridian Community Centre is zoned as a General Commercial Building (GC). This land permits any major complexes or clubs on this parcel of land (Town of Pelham, 2019). No residential development would be allowed on the parcel of land on which the Meridian Community Centre is located.

There are more mixed used residential and commercial buildings being built around East Fonthill. In the Town of Pelham Official Plan, the development of these types of structures are being encouraged by the municipality (Town of Pelham, 2020). These types of developments may become more common in the future around Rice Road, Port Robinson Road and Highway 20 in Fonthill.

Source: Jarod Preston

Mountainview Homes Development on Rice Road in Fonthill, ON

There are many sections of land in the Niagara Region that are protected within the Niagara Greenbelt. If these sections of land are protected by the Niagara Greenbelt, then development cannot be done on them. The land where the Meridian Community Centre is located is not protected under the Greenbelt Act (Ontario, 2020). This means that developers can build on this land if their application is accepted by the Town of Pelham and follows the towns Official Plan and Zoning requirements.

The Town of Pelham hires workers to go around and cut the grass that is owned by the town. In Early June of 2020 the town started a rural roadside program to address the tick issues for walkers and cyclers (Town of Pelham, 2020). Contractors were hired to cut the long grass beside the rural roads for the public. Since Pelham is mostly rural, this program applies to most areas in the municipality.

Source: Ontario Government Official Website

Map of the Niagara Greenbelt around Welland, Pelham and Thorold

When trees are cut down in Pelham for homes and commercial buildings it can displace the animals from their environments. Cutting down enormous amounts of trees can be dangerous since trees provide oxygen to living things. The landscape will change even more in the next few years with the increased amounts of development due to more people from Toronto moving down to the Niagara Region.

In any urban landscape, it can be very difficult to understand the changes of its features since both human and natural processes can change the feature of a landscape (Alberti, 2008). The Meridian Community Centre is surrounded in an area by other development such as residential, commercial and retail buildings. There are no marked trails located around the complex for the public to use. The surrounding areas consist of new roads and sidewalks that are being built within and around to the new subdivisions. In the picture below, the buildings located in the distance are the major retail centers such as Food Basics, the Beer Store and Tim Hortons that are located behind the Meridian Community Centre.

Source: Jarod Preston

Retail Centers located behind the Meridian Community Centre

Even back in the earliest pictures of this site in 1934, there were no large streams and canals in the area where the Meridian Community Centre is currently located. Most of the land was made of up large forests or flat grass fields (Regional Municipality of Niagara, 2020). When driving around the Meridian Community Centre you will find large scale subdivisions along with major retail complexes that are located in behind the community Centre. More areas in Fonthill will most likely look like the areas around Rice Road and Highway 20 in the near future.

To contact the Town of Pelham's Planning Department Regarding Zoning and other Development the number to reach the administrative assistant is 905-892-2607.

The number to contact the Meridian Community Centre is 905-892-2607.

References

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Baeker, G. & Hanna, J. (2009). Culture, Authenticity, Place: CONNECTING CULTURAL MAPPING AND PLACE BRANDING. Municipal World, 119(2), 9–.

Brown, D., Middleton, J, Vaughn, K.S. (2010). The Land Between the Lakes. An Overview of the Niagara Region. Northern Flicker. Raymond Barlow.

Bruce Trail Conservancy. (2020). Rare Species of the Niagara Escarpment. Retrieved from https://brucetrail.org/system/downloads/0000/1313/BTC_Webinar_Slides_Rare_Species_of_the_Niagara_Escarpment_2020-04-23.pdf

Carolinian Canada. (2004). The Big Picture Network Niagara Region. Retrieved from https://caroliniancanada.ca/legacy/BigPicture_Network_Niagara.htm

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Hough, M. (2004). Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability. In Cities and Natural Process. Taylor & Francis Group.

Jarod's Iphone. (2020). Grassfields with Forests Behind on Port Robinson Road Fonthill, ON. [photograph]. (Accessed September 24, 2020).

Preston, J. (2020). Meridian Community Centre and the Subdivisions around it [photograph]. (Accessed September 24, 2020).

Kingston, M., & Presant, E. (1989). The soils of the Regional Municipality of Niagara. Ministry of Agriculture and Food.

Marzluff, J. (2008). Urban ecology an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer.

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Ontario Government Official Website. (2019). Eastern white cedar. Retrieved from https://www.ontario.ca/page/eastern-white-cedar

Ontario Government Official Website. (2019). Forest Regions. Retrieved from https://www.ontario.ca/page/forest-regions

Ontario Greenbelt Map 129 for The Town of Pelham, City of Thorold and the City of Welland [online map]. Ontario Government Official Website, 2020. Available: <https://files.ontario.ca/on-2019/mmah-greenbeltmap...> (Accessed
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Ontario Government Official Website. (2019). Tulip Tree. Retrieved from https://www.ontario.ca/page/tulip-tree

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Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 1934 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2000 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2002 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2006 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2010 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2013 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2015 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2018 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator/> (October 20, 2020)

Regional Municipality of Niagara. Meridian Community Centre [map]. Layers used: Streets, transportation, environment, 2018 Imagery. Scale 1:5,000. Generated by Jarod Preston; using "Niagara Navigator" < https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator> (Accessed Novermber 11, 2020).

St.Catharines Standard. (2017). Remains of early Fonthill building facing demolition. Retrieved from https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/2017/06/06/remains-of-early-fonthill-building-face-demolition.html

The Voice of Pelham, 2018. Meridian Credit Union buys community centre naming rights. Retrieved from https://thevoiceofpelham.ca/2018/03/08/meridian-credit-union-buys-community-centre-naming-rights/

Town of Pelham. (2019). Meridian Community Centre. [photograph] Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/recreation-and-leisure/meridian-community-centre.aspx

Town of Pelham. (2019). Official Plan Appendix B East Fonthill Secondary Plan Area. Urban Design Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/business-and-development/resources/Documents/Planning_OfficialPlan/Appendix-B.pdf

Town of Pelham. (2020). Pelham's Meridian Community Centre now open. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/news/pelhams-meridian-community-centre-now-open.aspx#

Town of Pelham. (2019). Water quality in Pelham. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/news/water-quality-in-pelham.aspx

Town of Pelham. (2019). Wildlife. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/living-here/wildlife.aspx

Town of Pelham. (2019). Zoning By Law Section. Section 20-General Commercial GC Zone. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/business-and-development/resources/Documents/Planning_Zoning/20GeneralCommercialCG.pdf

Town of Pelham. (2019). Zoning By-Law Section 13- Residential 1 R1 Zone. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/business-and-development/resources/Documents/Planning_Zoning/13Res1R1.pdf

Town of Pelham. (2019). Zoning By-Law Section-12 Residential Multiple Village 2 RMV2 Zone. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/business-and-development/resources/Documents/Planning_Zoning/12ResMultipleVillage2RMV2.pdf

Town of Pelham. (2020). Rural roadside mowing program starts June 8, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.pelham.ca/en/news/rural-roadside-mowing-program-starts-june-8-2020.aspx

Tree Amigos Landscaping. (2020). Native Plants to the Niagara Peninsula. Retrieved from https://www.treeamigoslandscaping.com/news/id/20/native-plants-to-the-niagara-peninsula

United States Geological Survey. (2020). Watersheds and Drainage Basins. Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/watersheds-and-drainage-basins?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_object

Zoning by Law Map for Fonthill & East Fonthill. [online map]. Town of Pelham, ON, 2019. Available at the Town of Pelham's planning department page. Available: <https://www.pelham.ca/en/business-and-development/zoning.aspx/> (Accessed October, 8, 2020).

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Jarod Preston for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 12, 2020.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.