The Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site is located on the Niagara Escarpment, St. Catharines, Ontario, just east of the Brock University campus. It opened to the public on September 28^th, 2004. The site consists of lookouts, pedestrian trails, wildflower meadows, as well as educational centres. There is a path that connects to the Bruce trail, and interpretive panels to tell the story of the Glenridge site.

The site evolved from an open pit limestone quarry, to a municipal landfill, to the Naturalization site that remains today. It demonstrates that distressed land can be redeveloped to a safe, usable, public space. Nature is able to flourish, and provide habitat for wildlife. Due to the restoration of natural vegetation, such as Carolinian, 125 species of bee have returned to the site in seek of refuge.

From 1976 to 2001 the site operated as a municipal landfill. The Citizens' Committee worked alongside the Ministry of the Environment and Niagara Escarpment Commission to address issues regarding the operation of a landfill in close proximity of a residential community, Brock University, Shaver Hospital, and Niagara Peninsula Children's Centre. Due to increasing concerns the Final Closure Plan was prepared and executed in 2002 and the End Use Plan was implemented for construction of the space.

When naturalization began, efforts were made to ensure energy consumption was reduced, natural materials were reused, and building materials were recycled – demonstrating a commitment to the 3R's. The natural park represents the operation of environmental accountability. It is a habitat that thrives and is a part of the urban landscape. Consultation with the citizens of Niagara produced a solution that continues to flourish in the Niagara region and the residents themselves are able to utilize for generations to come.

References

Papastravrou, S. (2012). Niagara's natural park: The restoration of the Glenridge Quarry into a naturalization site. Policy Breif #4, Niagara Community Conservatory, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.brocku.ca/webfm_send/13789

Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/73-natural-habitats-a-features/908-glenridge-quarry-naturalization-site-.html

Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site History. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.niagararegion.ca/exploring/gqns/background.aspx

Municipality: St. Catharines

Local area name: Niagara Region

Other identifying names or descriptions Niagara Escarpment

Latitude and longitude: 43.1194° N, 79.2394° W

Physical Dimensions

Length: 950m

Width: 2,015m

Surface Area: 15,450 meters squared

Elevation:

Highest point: 193m

Lowest point: 163m

The Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site sits atop the Niagara Escarpment acting as rehabilitated land that is readily available to the public for educational or recreational uses. The Niagara Escarpment is one of the world's most significant geological features that is home to a diverse ecosystem because of its special environment (Brown, Middleton & Vaughan, 2010). Since this area was under a shallow sea millions of years ago, it is rich in limestone sediment which makes this site valuable for extraction. From 1957 to 1972 the site operated as an open pit limestone quarry before being turned into a municipal landfill from 1976 to 2001. With concerns being raised due to the sites close proximity to residential neighbourhoods, Brock University, and a children's hospital, plans were made to close the landfill and naturalize the area. The site was then rehabilitated with a commitment to the 3R's; reduce, reuse, recycle. The quarry was restored with Carolinian vegetation, creating a natural pollinator and attracting native wildlife and plant species back to the area. To date, 125 different species of bee have been recorded to be nesting within the sites boundaries which is great news considering the bee population has been declining in recent years. Despite decades of human interference, Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site has promoted the importance of biodiversity and rehabilitation and will continue to thrive in the St. Catharines area.

Map 1: Location of the Glenridge Quarry (Source: Google Maps)

Biota:

The Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site is home to many native plant and animal species. Without doubt, there are also introduced species that are not natural to the area which call the site home. When the site opened to the public in 2004, the area had already become habitat to many creatures that we see on a daily basis. There is no doubt that while walking through the site, you'll come across some form of wildlife. Although, what many people do not think about is that the diversity of wildlife populations is heavily dictated by the evolution of plant communities, their interactions with the landform, as well as soil and climate (Hough, 2004).

The naturalization site is built on top of a landfill, which requires years of management even after the site closes to ensure no harmful chemicals are exposed to the public. The final cover layer of the landfill consists of a clay layer, top soil, and vegetation (Papastavrou, 2010). Since the top layer involves clay, plants with deep growing roots cannot be planted on the site because it will penetrate through the clay layer, potentially releasing harmful chemicals into the air. This is why trees are virtually nonexistent on site except for around the perimeter. Their roots will grow too deep, resulting in detrimental effects to the surrounding area. In lieu of this, planners decided to fill the site with Carolinian vegetation, creating a pollinator on a site where none had existed for decades.

The site was also restored with species that are found in the surrounding community, producing a habitat similar to natural habitats that exist in the area. Due to the site being restored with Carolinian vegetation, it allowed for wildlife to repopulate the area. Chickadees, downy woodpeckers, garter snakes, raccoons, and squirrels are only a few of the animals that may be identified while walking through the site. More interestingly, the restoration of natural vegetation has allowed for 125 species of bees to return to the area (Papastavrou, 2010). A North American Osmia bee is new to the site, it nests in snail shells and until now, have not been recorded in Canada. Several non-native species of Megachile bees from Europe and Asia also call the site home. These are thought to have been accidentally introduced when lumber containing the bee nests were brought to the landfill. Along with Carolinian vegetation, many species of weed have taken over majority of the site. With weeds and low growing plants, ground dwelling animals such as mice and voles are reintroduced. With the existence of these animals, their natural predators are attracted to the area, and different species of hawks and foxes can be spotted from time-to-time. Milkweed is one of the plants that grows in the site, which ultimately attracts butterflies – specifically monarchs. Within the site, there is a boardwalk structure that "permits wildlife viewing at a distance while excluding the public from entering the area itself" (Hough, 2004, p. 151). The quarry's pond is home to species of fish, frogs, waterfowl, and toads which allows aquatic vegetation to flourish.

Glenridge Quarry has come a long way over the past few decades. Originally, the the site was part of the Carolinian Forest System consisting of "woodland and forest, grassland and meadow, marshes and water which were the habitat for wildlife" (Hough, 2004, p.131). The natural forest would have been home to many species of deer, and quite possibly bear in addition to smaller mammals. Earliest aerial photos show the existence of farmland in the area. This clearing of natural forest would have deterred many animals from the area – leaving only ones that could survive off of little resources and dealt with human interaction. Eventually the farmland was turned into a limestone quarry, providing no habitat for wildlife or plant species, likely running off the rest of the rest of the animal population. In 1976 when the site was turned into a municipal landfill, it is easy to assume vermin, small mammals and seagulls repopulated the area since rubbish disposal sites attract these types of animals. Finally, in 2004 after the naturalization process was completed plant and animal species returned to the area and are still seen to this day.

Due to human activity, this small piece of land has gone through various cycles of species that have populated the area. It is wonderful to see that this habitat has allowed for the reestablishment of a number of locally native species that had all but disappeared from the area at one point in time.

Geomorphology:

The Glenridge Quarry is located within the Niagara Escarpment. Millions of years ago, the world looked extremely different than it does today. The Niagara region was under hundreds of meters of tropical sea, and filled with both sediments and marine life. The Niagara Escarpment seen today essentially represents what would have been, the shoreline of the tropical sea that existed so long ago. Since this area was under sea for millions of years, limestone had the ability to form. The perfect atmosphere for limestone formation is in calm, clear, warm marine waters (King, 2018). It occurs mostly when there is an accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris; but can also form from the precipitation of calcium carbonate from marine or fresh water (King, 2018). Limestone has economic value in todays world, and it made sense to excavate it, hence why the site was turned into an open pit limestone quarry from 1957 to 1972. The stone was mainly used for building projects such as road and housing construction in the quickly expanding Niagara region. However, some larger stone was used to combat land erosion along Lake Ontario. The stone cut from the quarry was actually considered to be the hardest and toughest rock in the Niagara Region. In order to retrieve the stone from the landscape, small holes were drilled in the land and explosives were placed inside. Typically, the primary blast was strong enough to crush the rock enough to be moved by powerful tools. Over this period of time, excavations and plowing were constantly being performed to retrieve more stone and the quarry was dug deeper and deeper into the ground. Eventually no stone was left, and the pit was completely mined out. At this point, it made sense to fill this hole with garbage, and the site operated as a municipal landfill from 1976 to 2001.

This continued to change the physical features of the landscape including the soil. All natural dirt had been removed early in this cycle with the operation of the limestone quarry. The rest of it continued to be mixed up while the landfill existed. Layers of waste, clay, and non-native soil were mixed up and layered on top of each other. The final cover layer of the landfill is heavy amounts of clay, which is not ideal for agricultural purposes on the escarpment. Thus, clay is not good for plant species because only plants that are able to thrive in clay, are able to survive on the site – which mostly consists of weeds. According to Hough (2008, p. 16) "human beings, as agents of change, have historically been concerned with modifying the land for survival – draining land to create productive fields, exploiting the earth for fuel and raw materials – but are unconscious of the effects of their activities on the original landscape". The entire profile of the original landscape had been changed. As a part of the escarpment, the lands were rich in limestone and relatively flat. With human interference, a giant hole was dug, which was then filled with municipal waste and surpassed the existing ground level, creating the mountain that can be seen today. One benefit of this regenerated landscape is that it provides priceless educational and ecological value to the public (Hough, 2008). The naturalization of the site promotes methods of rehabilitation while innovative environmental practices remained at the forefront. Hough (2018, p. 129) explains, the phenomena of "bringing together natural processes and human behaviour provides benefits in a more diverse environment, greater economic and environmental productivity, and greater social and educational values". The landscape has changed drastically since the 1950s, but it is important to remember the stages this site went through to reach its final form and the role human interaction has played during this time.

Hydrology:

The functioning of an ecosystem is highly dependent on the role of the water cycle. Alberti (2008) explains that it determines the productivity of the ecosystem, the composition of species, and biodiversity of a region. Human activities are also highly influenced by the water supply, such as agriculture, fishing, and hydroelectric power (Alberti, 2008). Typically, water is able to circulate naturally; "it evaporates off the oceans…falls in the form of precipitation, percolates into the ground, and returns to the ocean through rivers and lakes" (Alberti, 2008, p. 133). However, this natural process is easily disrupted by human activities, as it has been at the Glenridge Quarry. With the development of St. Catharines, urbanization has the power to influence the water cycle by changing the microclimate and precipitation in and around the city.

In regard to the site itself, it was cleared for farmland in the early 1900s. Trees were torn down to make way for agricultural expansion, then for a limestone quarry, then the landfill. All of which have had a significant impact on the watershed. One of the largest effects was when the landfill was operational. The main concern was leachate leaking into the water system. It forms when liquid filters through the garbage and creates contaminated water that is unsafe to drink. It is a combination of decomposing garbage and percolating water (Papastavrou, 2010). Thus, cannot be introduced to public drinking waters. In an effort to ensure this, all leachate was collected and brought to Port Dalhousie water pollution control plant for treatment which interrupts the natural water cycle. Since water was constantly being removed from the sites watershed and taken to another region, it impacted two systems. Water was being diverted to an area that it would not normally reach, and water that was depended on for plant and animal survival was taken away from the quarry.

Despite efforts to collect the leachate, some contaminated water did end up leaking into residents' backyards at the bottom of the escarpment, even getting into people's basements at some points. Based off this incident, the watershed is heavily effected since leachate has been absorbed into the land, contaminating surrounding areas. Fast forwarding to the present, the quarry now has a man-made pond within its boundaries. One of the benefits of this artificial pond is that it attracts native wildlife and allows for the growth of aquatic plant species. However, the addition of the pond changes the land cover, and alters the flow regime. A pond did not naturally exist at the site, and with the alteration the watershed has to learn how to account for this change. These modifications to a water cycle can threaten hydrological functions, and the human and ecological functions that depend on them.

Climate/Microclimate:

Life forms have been required to adapt to the interacting climactic forces of wind, precipitation, humidity, temperature, and solar radiation (Hough, 2008). These systems influence water, plants, wildlife, and agriculture that exists in an area and the differences between regional places can be attributed to these fundamental forces. Where it is cold, animals adapt to grow longer and thicker coats, and only a small portion of plant species can survive. In warm climates, plants and animals are much more diverse and colourful. In the last few decades humans have been able to change the micro-climate to better suit their needs. Human comfort has been at the forefront without considering the repercussions that changing the landscape has in terms the environment. Hough (2008), explains that climate is affected and moderated by the elements of the land; including land form, water and plants. In regard to landforms, it is understood that they "control the flow and temperature range of air by forming impediments and channels to movement" (Hough, 2008, p. 189). Since the site is located 193m above sea level, it is on the top of a hill and affects the microclimate below. The hill provides shade to the residential community below, and influences the vegetation that is able to thrive the area.

Long ago the site was a part of the natural Carolinian Forest that grew through the region. Vegetation has to ability to control direct solar radiation to the ground, as well as the heat radiated back from ground surfaces (Hough, 2008), which ultimately affects the overall temperature of the area. Forests are able to absorb 90 per cent of the light that shines on it, and reduces the maximum temperature variations during the year (Hough, 2008). The dense tree canopy blocks out the sun and ultimately lowers the temperature underneath it. Since the solar radiation is being absorbed by vegetation, direct sunlight does not hit the ground to the same extent as it would in a non-forested land. Hence, heat is not radiated back up from the ground ultimately warming up the region. Forests are also able to "reduce wind speeds to less than 10 per cent of unobstructed wind and maintain more equitable day and night temperatures" (Hough, 2008, p. 190). Essentially, forests can reduce the strength of winds as it acts similar to a barricade, breaking it up as it blows through. Forests also regulate day and night temperatures, making it a less drastic a change when the sun sets. The amount and intensity of rain that reaches the forest floor is also controlled by the vegetation above. It affects the disposition of rain or snow and humidity as well (Hough, 2008). The last point Hough (2008, p. 190) mentions is that it "reduces the glare from reflective surfaces since leaves have a low reflective index". Forests have a huge impact on the microclimate of an area, especially when they exist in such large quantities as they did in the past. When the land was cleared for agricultural purposes, the overall climate of the area drastically changed and had an overall impact on the surrounding region.

Removal of the trees and vegetation results in an exposed area. Wind patterns are influenced because there is no longer a barricade of trees to break it up and reduce its strength. Snow patterns change as a result of wind transformations, which effects hydrology and evaporation. More rain is hitting the ground and evaporation is changed resulting in more water in system. The temperature of the ground is higher because light is no longer being reflected by leaves, there is no physical shield from the sun, thus heating up the immediate region. With urban development, micro-climate has been effected even more. In present day, the site is surrounded by buildings. They retain heat and make the atmosphere warmer (Hough, 2008). The arrangement of buildings can have an effect on wind patterns. Localized gusts occur around taller buildings and diminish the cooling abilities in the summer (Hough, 2008). However, the existence of vegetation in the site likely has a small effect by cooling down the immediate area providing some relief from the heat.

Before European settlers arrived, the land was used by first nations people. They were able to satisfy their material and spiritual needs through the resources found in the natural world around them. The Iroquoian First Nations were the group that inhabited southern areas of Canada, such as the Niagara region, although they are now known as the Haudenosaunee (Northern Affairs Canada, 2017). It was a fertile land used to plant corn, beans, and squash as a few examples that met more than their needs. Due to the abundance of food, the Iroquoian First Nations were not people who migrated to find food. They were known as 'the People of the Longhouse' and founded permanent communities (Northern Affairs Canada, 2017). In their leisure time, they were able to develop complex systems of government that are based on democratic principles. In regard to land use, men would clear small portions of land for women to plant and tend to crops. When the lands became exhausted after about 10 years, the people would relocate and clear new fields.

After European settlers moved in, the landscape was drastically changed. First Nations boundaries were changed due to alliances between the two groups, while trade routes were being established and constructed. Eventually, a treaty was signed with the explorers to sell all of the lands of the Great Lakes to the British in exchange for protection and the right to continue hunting and fishing throughout the territory (Northern Affairs Canada, 2017). This ultimately lead to the land being cleared for farmland numerous years later. Forested areas did not exist to the same extent as they did hundreds of years prior. Instead, it was used for agricultural needs. Soon after, the farmland was turned into a limestone quarry and highway 406 began construction. Once the quarry was all mined out, the city decided to turn the site into a municipal landfill. The surrounding area began to be built up, constructing the Niagara Region Headquarters, Brock University, Shaver Hospital, Niagara Peninsula Children's Centre, and a residential area within close proximity to the landfill. This lead to issues arising, and the closing of the landfill, ultimately leading to the naturalization of the Glenridge Quarry and the landscape seen today.

Education / Interpretation:

As far as education goes, the site is filled with interpretive panels that trace the evolution of the site from geological formation to the present day. Visitors are able to find other interpretive panels throughout the site that provide entertaining information about various site features. Site history, Niagara Escarpment history and scientific facts and figures are available to inquiring visitors. There is a children's science and nature trail that offers an educational trip through the solar system, the world of weather and time, and the potential for renewable energy. It also includes earth tunnels, a sand stream, and a replica of a historic log cabin. All of these features make the site attractive to students, teachers, and researchers alike. Many Niagara schools bring their students to the Glenridge Quarry to educate them on the history of the site, and the importance of rehabilitating waste disposal sites while promoting an understanding of biodiversity. Brock University students and professors also utilize the site to educate the public on the benefits of the naturalized lands. Miriam Richards is a biology professor at Brock who has been continuously studying the bee population at the quarry since 2003 to see how bees responded to habitat restoration (Papastavrou, 2010). This has been an important aspect of research that has been used to educate the public on the effects bees have had on the surrounding area. The naturalized site has played a vital role on educating the public on the innovative environmental practices that have taken place at the quarry.

Architectural Heritage:

Early aerial photos show the existence of a farmhouse on site, however this was cleared to make way for the limestone quarry. Fast forwarding to the present, what is seen on site today is what exists. There is a visitor's centre where interpretive panels are located. A children's science and nature zone has a few structures within it, and there is a shaded picnic area with benches further into the quarry. On site, there is also a gas collection system in a small brick building. It is meant to reduce odour, and has a small flare stack which is completely enclosed. This area is fenced off and not available to the public. Otherwise, there are no significant buildings on site. Not many architectural changes have occurred in the area other than the structures seen on site today. All current buildings are made from recycled material that was used during construction; showing a commitment to reduce, reuse, recycle.

Recreational Uses:

In terms of recreational uses occurring on site, there is a system of nature trails that are located within the quarry. Smith (2006) effectively explains what each trail includes and how far of a distance it is. There is the Meadow Trail, which allows visitors to experience the Carolinian forest. The Children's Science and Nature trail offers an educational trip though the solar system and world of weather. The main trail, the Loop trail begins at the visitor's centre and connects to other trails that are on site. The Pond boardwalk offers a journey along the boardwalk to get a closer view of the naturalized pond. The Heritage Arbouretum trail winds through the area where native trees and shrubs are located, this trail also has many interpretive panels that explain how these indigenous trees were used in the past. The Summit Overlook trail leads visitors up to the highest point of the site for a breathtaking panoramic view of the Niagara region and Lake Ontario. Lastly, there is a Bruce Trail link that takes visitors along the oldest and longest marked hiking trail in Canada. The link is accessible through the Meadow trail.

Land ownership falls under the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

Public access is permitted in the area. The site's operational hours are from 6am-9pm every day of the week from May - October. However, during the months of November – April, the site is open to the public from 8am-6pm. Parking is enforced.

Land ownership and jurisdiction influences have played a role on the changes that have occurred on site. Concerns were raised in the 1990's regarding the detrimental effects a landfill posed to the surrounding area. The Glenridge Landfill Citizen's Committee proposed Bill 62, which was an Act to amend the Environmental Protection Act in respect of the Niagara Escarpment.

The Citizen's Committee along with the Ministry of Environment, and Niagara Escarpment Commission worked together to address the issues of the landfill in such close proximity to residential communities and other important agencies. The Niagara Region prepared a Final Closure Plan in 2000, whilst maintenance was put into place to guarantee the long-term protection of the environment. All of these organizations helped to influence the attributes of the site overtime.

The region of Niagara is responsible for performing inspections on site every three years. Inspections include ensuring proper practices, procedures, and operations are being performed, as well as sampling and monitoring the site to guarantee compliance with regulations set out by the province of Ontario. As far as landscaping practices, no information could be found online as to which company overlooks this domain.

Within the immediate vicinity, there are many institutions that influence the Glenridge Quarry. There is a Four Points Sheridan, Brock University, Hotel Dieu Shaver, Niagara Peninsula Children's Centre, Niagara Region Headquarters, and Thorold City Hall. Of utmost importance, there is a large residential population surrounding the site. All of these organizations have worked together to shape the landscape at the Glenridge Quarry. In the beginning, the site was cleared for farmland; interrupting the natural growing process of the ecosystem that established itself there. There was a build-up of residential neighbourhoods as the population expanded from downtown St. Catharines, which resulted in the construction of highway 406, and was around the same time as the establishment of the Limestone Quarry. Alberti (2008, p. 95) explains the network theory as a system that "reveals underlying patterns and topology of interaction in ecosystems and the implications for the systems' stability and resilience". Due to the increasing human dominance surrounding the site, the ability for the ecosystem to bounce back was hindered. Alberti (2008) also speaks about landscape connectivity and describes it as the degree of which a landscape is able to facilitate or impede the flow of resources or the movements of organisms between resources patches. The construction of highway 406 disrupted the natural ecosystem that existed at the time, and separated one ecosystem into two as it drew a line down the middle of it. Although urban development enhances the connectivity of human activities, it isolates habitat patches and decreases the chances of species survival (Alberti, 2008). In this case, a human-dominated ecosystem impeded the flow of resources and organisms, driving away natural species that populated the area.

This was especially true with the construction of the limestone quarry. No natural vegetation existed in the area as it was all cleared out to make way for excavations to be performed. There were no resources available to animals and plants could not grow in a patch of land that continuously had heavy machinery and foot traffic over it. Over time, the urbanization of St. Catharines continued to expand in the area, resulting in the construction of Brock University, a hotel, children's hospitals, and Thorold city hall. This continued to fragment the land, isolating habitats that are located in the area. Human impacted land creates patches that are smaller, more uniform in structure, and less connected to other natural patches (Alberti, 2008). Eventually the limestone quarry was mined out, and it was decided that the site would become home to a municipal landfill. The landscape in close vicinity to the landfill is also significantly impacted by urban stressors such as "air pollution, and elevated levels of heavy metals in the soil" (Alberti, 2008, p. 97) all of which come from the operation of a landfill. Concerns were raised by the growing population of St. Catharines and resulted in the closure of the landfill and a naturalization process beginning.

Alberti (2008) explains that describing human-induced disturbances that are associated with urbanization are extremely complex. Humans affect landscapes through multiple stressors causing habitat loss, and habitat modification. Although the naturalization process brought back an ecosystem to be used by wildlife, it went through a series of phases of habitat loss and modifications to the landscape. Very few of the native species that existed in the site before this process began can be found within the boundaries of the patch. Despite the existence of a naturalized site, it is still a human-dominated ecosystem. A very large portion of that patch is not natural, including walking paths for human use, picnic tables, and a boardwalk through the pond. The presence of humans in this area still hinders the ability for plants to grow and animals to exist in peace. Connectivity for organisms is hindered because the site is surrounded by concrete; the likelihood of resources flowing through the area is limited. This patch unfortunately is isolated, decreasing the chances of species survival. In one perspective, it is great that St. Catharines has a growing population and urban development must occur with the building of infrastructure, but it is at the expense of species survival, and puts certain species at risk for localized extinction (Alberti, 2008). Humans have largely impacted this site, and despite the naturalization process occurring, there are repercussions for habitat loss and modifications that have occurred in the past.

Niagara Region

1815 Sir Isaac Brock Way

Thorold, ON, L2V 4T7

905-980-6000

Toll-free: 1-800-263-7215

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Alberti, M. (2008). Hydrological Processes. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems (pp. 133-161). New York: Springer. Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost.

Brown, D., Middleton, J., & Vaughan, K. (2010). The Land Between the Lakes: An Overview of the Niagara Region. Niagara Birds, 2010, 41-55.

Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/73-natura...

Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site History. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.niagararegion.ca/exploring/gqns/backgr...

Green Belt (2012). Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site. Retrieved from http://brocku.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/73-natural-habitats-a-features/908-glenridge-quarry-naturalization-site-.html

Hough, M. (2004). Plants and Plant Communities. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 86- 129). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection, EBSCOhost.

Hough, M. (2004). Wildlife. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 130 - 159). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection, EBSCOhost.

Hough, M. (2004). City Farming. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 159 - 188). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection, EBSCOhost.

King, H. (2018). Limestone. Retrieved from https://geology.com/rocks/limestone.shtml

Niagara Region. (2012). Glenridge quarry naturalization site. Retrieved from http://www.niagararegion.ca/living/naturalization/...

Northern Affairs Canada. (2017). First Nations in Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/...

Papastravrou, S. (2010). Niagara's natural park: The restoration of the Glenridge Quarry into a naturalization site. Policy Breif #4, Niagara Community Conservatory, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.brocku.ca/webfm_send/13789

Smith, P., J. (2006). Glenridge quarry naturalization site: Where recreation meets education. Niagara Region. Retrieved from https://www.niagararegion.ca/exploring/gqns/pdf/Gl...

Map References

Brock University. (2018) [Air Photos Used in Mosaic of Natural Resources]. 1934-1934-A4702-62 - Scale 1:16,000, 1965-1965-19342-38 - Scale 1:16,000, 1995-1995-Niagara1995Mosaic2018_2 - Scale 1:16,000, 2002-2002 - NiagaraHillshade2002 - Scale 1:16,000, 2015-2015-Niagara2015Mosaic2018_2 - Scale 5.9167. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html...

Google Maps (2018) Glenridge Quarry Naturalization Site. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Glenridge+Quarry...@43.11942,-79.2416097,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89d34fd056490d3f:0x849a7baeb050949!8m2!3d43.1194161!4d-79.239421.

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Victoria Sparks for the Brock University course TOUR 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 09, 2018.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.