Fort Mississauga is located on the grounds of the Niagara on the Lake Golf Club art the junction of the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. The area was first inhabited by the Mississaugas, a native tribe who used the area as a head camp. Later, the British settlers took over the site in 1804 where they then built a lighthouse on the grounds until the beginning of the war when it was later removed (Exploring Niagara, 2016). The site includes an array of star shaped greens that surround the historic defense tower located in the middle. The brick and stone tower was constructed by military architects on the British and Canadian side and was used as a strategic counterpoise to replace Fort George, which was earlier demolished by opposing forces in the war of 1812. The tower was constructed in 1814 with the use of leftover bricks from a lighthouse burnt down in Newark earlier in 1813 (Tucker, Arnold, Wiener, Pierpaoli, & Fredriksen, 2012). Throughout the remainder of the war, the fortress housed thousands of soldiers and would have been considered the largest of its kind in North America had its construction not been halted in 1815 at the end of the war (Hind, 2014). The site was later abandoned by the British Forces in 1858 and remained unused until the first and second world war where it was utilized by Camp Niagara for training purposes (The Friends of Fort George, 2016). Today, the site is governed by Parks Canada since and is known as a National Historic Site of Canada due to its significance in the civil war and battle presence. The site is currently used today as a museum which encompasses recreational activities such as the haunted tours hosted by The Friends of Fort George. Access to Fort Mississauga is available through the golf course and alternatively through constructed trails maintained by The Friends of Fort George.

Literature Sources:

Exploring Niagara | Fort Mississauga. (2016). Exploringniagara.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from http://www.exploringniagara.com/places_to_explore/...

Fort Mississauga | The Friends of Fort George. (2016). Friendsoffortgeorge.ca. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from http://www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/sites/fort-missi...

HIND, A. (2014). MUSEUM REPORT. Naval History, 28(2), 70. Tucker, S., Arnold, J., Wiener, R., Pierpaoli, P., & Fredriksen, J. (2012). The encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 267.

Municipality: Niagara on the Lake

Local area name: Niagara

Latitude and longitude: 43.259130000000006, -79.07954000000001

Physical Dimensions

Length: .2km

Width: .2km

Surface Area: .4 km

Elevation: Highest/ Lowest: 83M/81M/

Fort Mississauga is a historical military site currently in the care of Parks Canada and the Friends of Fort George. The area of the site is significant in that it was formerly the location of the first lighthouse on the Great Lakes in 1804. The lighthouse, however, was demolished just over a decade later to make way for Fort Mississauga during the war of 1812. The fort was then constructed 1814 as a strategic counterpoise of Fort Niagara located directly across the Niagara Strait and offered enhanced control of ships entering the channel from Lake Ontario. Some of the materials used in the construction of the central fort originated from the lighthouse and several bricks from Newark, a town formerly ransacked and burned during the war (Flemming, 1982).

Today, the site is located on the grounds of the Niagara on the Lake golf course and does not have a visitor center located on site for further information. Thus, visitors are encouraged to to gain knowledge prior to their visit in order to fully appreciated and interpret the site. This article will help to induce interpretation by offering information pertaining to the historical and present significance of the site as it is perceived today.

The original biota of the landscape is quite different than the one of today. With the addition of military elements and recreation being sought after it can be found that the current landuse of the site has greatly changed the biota of the site as it is seen today. In regards to the golfing greens surrounding the fort, it can be identified that this ecological feature would be considered a natural urban plant community (Hough, 2004). This is due to the nature of the course whereby the landscape must be durable to withstand human activity and the addition of plants that are not considered to be native to the area. With the changing landscape uses throughout the past two hundred years it is also evident that the physical features of the landcape have been altered also. This can be seen through the addition of the fortifying walls on the outside of the fort which are not considered to be a natural feature of the region. However, it is clear from aerial photos decades ago that this area has undergone vast deforestation to make way for recreational uses. It is possible that Parks Canada may have to introduce a naturalization programme for an urban parks system. Using Hough's model for general reforestation categories it is possible that a natural regeneration could be used through winds coming off of Lake Ontario. This would not only restore the landscape to its original features but introduce a new recreational feature for locals and visitors. From the works of Hough (2004) it is possible to further identify that a green carpet exists in the landscape surrounding the fort where the land is currently used for recreational purposes. It is also evident that the managing costs of this landscape is considered be quite high as the grass is constantly maintained to make way for golf carts and easy navigation for golfing purposes.

Figure 2: General Reforestation Categories (Hough, 2004)

Outside of the golf course there are several residential homes which offer their own set of flora and fauna. This urban plant community can further be categorized into the cultivated plant group as the majority of the trees located on the streets would need to withstand solid soils and harsh weather conditions. It is also evident that the managing costs of this landscape is considered be quite high as the grass is constantly maintained and covered for flow.

The wildlife on the site is quite minimal due to the limitations of the flora and fauna. However, it is possible to see birds such as the red winged blackbird located in the area. These birds often make use of the rolling greens of the landscape to search for food and use the trees for nesting. On the golf course species such as black squirrels are quite popular and are considered to be unique to the northern parts of America. Likewise, it is possible to see raptors such as Hawks, Owls, Vultures and Eagles circling above the greens and surrounding areas in search of animals on the ground such as mice, rats, and rabbits (Street, 2012). The Hawk is known to be the only predatory animal in the region surrounding the site. The limitation in wildlife can be seen as a direct result of the hostile landscape surrounding the fort. Hough (2004) notes that when native plants are removed from a landscape and is replaced with ones that do not provide food it often makes it difficult for wildlife to thrive. This is evident on the Fort Mississauga site where flora and fauna is limited to grass and minimal plant life which can be associated directly to the decrease in wildlife.

b) Geomorphology:

Fort Mississauga is currently enriched with rolling greens surrounding the tower in the center. The nutrient rich soils located on the grounds surrounding the site makes it incredibly valuable for growing lush golfing greens. The vegetation surrounding the site commonly consists of a bentgrass, hedges and trees for obstacles on the course. However, the area within the fortifications of the walls is simply a grass which allows for easy upkeep and provides a central focus on the manmade features of the landscape. The outmost portions of the fortifications offer a trail leading to the entrance of the fort with no established parking in the area. As a result, the fort is able to maintain a genial natural landscape. T

he recent geological history of the site begins approximately 16 thousand years ago when the Erie Interstade occurred further allowing the glacial ice to retreed into the Lake Erie Basin. As a result, this led to the ice to move into the Erie Basin and melted 14 thousand years ago to form Lake Maumee. At this time, however, the ice in Lake Ontario had yet melt and it was not until 13 thousand years ago did the ice in the region readvance to form the Paris/Simcoe Moraine. It wasn't until 12.5 thousand years ago did the ice complete its final retreat to form the ridges in the Niagara Peninsula. These ridges are found to be short in length, northward facing and are considered to be crudely aligned. Information presented in a borelog suggests that the topsoil of the Niagara Escarpment is primarily made up of dark soil, clayey silt as well as organics and roots. Likewise, the Upper Glaciolacustrine is said to be made primarily of silt, clay and often clasts. A level lower shows the Halton Unit containing more clayey silt within with mostly fractures and joints within. Further down the Lower Glaciolacustrine is said to contain clay and silt as well as brown and grey bandings (Menzies, 2001). Finally, the Lower Diamicton holds mostly silt and sand while the bottom layer simply contains Grey Dole stone. Research by Menzies (2001) research suggests that the ridge in the Niagara Escarpment went from subglacial/subaquatic conditions to completely subaquatic conditions. The changes within the site have been quite minimal since the forts completion in 1836. However, it is found the that quality of the site quickly deteriorated after 1956 when it was completely abandoned by the British forces. Since then, the site has seen little to no changes while the location awaits an official visitor center.

The changes outside of the site have been quite significant since the first aerial photo in 1934. It can be observed that the landscape was quite bare surrounding the fort, and wasn't until 1954 aerial photos that we can observe the golf course taking form. The addition of the golf course has changed the shape of the landscape with the greenery, hedges, trees and pathways for golf carts. It can be observed that the housing outside of the golf course offer impermeable surfaces for runoff with concrete and housing on the landscape. Thus, drainage has been added to allow proper runoff and minimize the built up of moisture on the urbanized land.

The closest body of water to Fort Mississauga is Lake Ontario which is fed from Lake Erie through the Niagara Strait. The sites proximity to the water has ultimately shaped the landscape in the area through erosion and deposition over the past several thousand years. The human activity over the past couple hundred years in the area has had a varying impact on the area within the fort. This can be seen through the land cover change with the addition of the fortifying walls, central tower, and temporary buildings that had been constructed for shortened periods of time. Today, however, it can be found that the majority of the site is all natural greens which inadvertently has a minimal impact on the disruption of runoff into Lake Ontario.

On the outside of the fort, it can be found that the area has greatly changed over the past hundred years. This can be seen through the reduction of trees in the area which are typically able to use some of the watershed. Today, it can be observed that the golfing greens of the course are both naturally watered and influenced by human induced changes. The diagram by Alberti (2008, pp 146-147) displays the hydrological processes that occur in a region through human activity. Observing the changes throughout the past hundred years, it can be found that the aerial image presented in 1934 shows that the landscape would have been considered a 10%-20% impervious surface. Today, however, it could be argued that the landscape has been reverted back to a more natural ground cover with 10% runoff. This change can be attributed to the changing use of the landscape from military uses to more recreational purposes such as the golf course and soft trails.

Figure 6: Hydrological Processes (Source: Alberti, 2008)

Fort Mississauga is located at the Bottom of the Niagara escarpment right beside Lake Ontario which allows the air flow to come off of the lake and cool the area within the region. The area surrounding the fort went through a time period of significant deforestation throughout the war period in 1812 and extended military use. Today, however, there is a comfortable amount of tree cover which can further be attributed to the climate change in the area. Observing the Figure 6.2 from Hough (2004, pp.192) it can be identified that the local landscape may have been slightly cooler back in the eighteen and nineteen hundreds with the lower levels of grass and dirt. Likewise, it can be observed that the proximity to the water may have always had an impact on the destinations micro-climate. This can be seen in Figure 6.3 whereby Hough (2004, pp. 192) identify that water typically allows the temperature to maintain a fairly steady level throughout the day. Hough continue to support this by noting that a single tree can transpire 450 liters of water in a single day.

Hough (2004, 199) also identifies that the urbanization of a region can greatly impact the climate through shade and reduced exposure to the sun. This, today, is not considered to be an issue for the local landscape whereby the region is mostly made up of natural landscapes aside from the central tower. However, it is important to note that this landscape significantly changes in the wintertime. During this time, the wind chill from Lake Ontario and frozen land cover results in extended cooled climates which prohibits the growth of majority biota in the area.

Figure 7: Climate Diagram (Source: Hough, 2004)

In the 15th century the Neutrals, an aboriginal tribe of native peoples, occupied the land at Fort Mississauga formerly known as Mississauga Point. It is said that the tribe utilized the location as a temporary campsite for fishing and was never considered to be a permanent area of residence. After a battle between the Iroquois and the Huron tribes the land where the Neutrals set up camp went under control of the Senecas, whom were also apart of the reigning Iroquois. However, it wasn't until the 17th century when an agreement was reached with the Mississauga's that the land would become fully occupied as the land became an important resource for fishing and hunting. Later, Robert Cavelier became the first man of white descent to visit the tribes on December 6th, 1678 (Flemming, 1982).

When the European settlers arrived to the Niagara the site at Mississauga Point soon after went through significant changes in the landscape. With the construction of Fort Niagara on the opposing shoreline of the Niagara Strait the land at Mississauga Point became of great importance. Upon the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1783, the British were ordered to give up Fort Niagara to the Americans. With this at hand, it was important that the British consider creating an opposing structure adjacent to the fort at the current side of Fort Niagara. In 1790, both Major Robert Mathews and Captain John Schank considered this site to be of great value as its soils were perfect for constructed and its landscape was of equal height as the opposing side. However, despite these claims, it was decided that a fort should be constructed above Navy Hall, known today as Fort George. Shortly thereafter, the first lighthouse on Lake Ontario was built in 1804 at Mississauga Point as a result of a recommendation made by the Lighthouse Commissioners. The lighthouse only lasted for approximately ten years when it was later deconstructed to make way for the central tower of Fort Mississauga (Flemming, 1982).

On May 25th, 1813 Fort George was under siege from American forces and didn't withdraw until later in December. This attack proved the weakness of the fort and the need for a new strategic outpost for the British Allies which thereby brought Mississauga Point to attention in order to protect Upper Canada. The plan for construction was devised on July 29th, 1814 using pieces from the deconstructed lighthouse and fragments from the remainder of the town of Newark. However, during the campaign of 1814, the fort was never fully constructed and simply maintained a four foot central tower and the framework for the intended star shaped earthworks. This site at Mississauga point simply offered a strategic area of control for the British allies while they occupied Fort Niagara during 1814. The site of the fort allowed British allies to monitor and prevent ships from entering the Niagara Strait that were intending to provide military supplies and food to the soldiers. It wasn't until the end of the war in 1815 that the construction of Fort Mississauga really began (Flemming, 1982).

During the War of 1812 the fort itself was merely four feet tall and no outside fortifications were constructed due to the constant threat at Fort Niagara. However, unlike the rest of the construction in Upper Canada, Lieutenant-General Drumond instructed that the fort continued to be completed at the time of the end of the war in 1815. In Fall of 1815, the site was officially ploughed to make way for the star shaped fortification on the exterior part of the central tower. The work was carried out by members of the Coloured Corps, all of which had special skills in brick laying and construction. The process of development was a slow and grueling task due to the lack of supplies at the time and took significantly longer than first intended. In April of 1816 the central tower stood just nine feet tall and had yet to be covered by a roof. By 1823, the tower had still not been completed but had a light roof tossed over for soft protection. This proved to be the ultimate downfall of the fort and by 1825 the majority of buildings on the site were considered to be in such deplorable condition that the majority would have to be demolished. This, of course, made it difficult to house the potential capacity of 2500 soldiers on site. By 1838, a gun platform was finally constructed and acted as both an offensive tower as well as coverage for the central tower. Finally, by 1839 the finishing touches had been added to the fort and its construction was completely to its intended entirety (Flemming, 1982).

In 1840, the site was used by the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment as a training ground and provided additional security for the town of Niagara. The 253 members of the Regiment lived in Niagara until 1853 where they would often perform demonstrations of band concerts, military skills and picnics with the local community. By 1855, the majority of the Corps had volunteered to fight in Crimea leaving just 25 men to man Fort MIssissauga. Finally, by 1856 the fort was disarmed and occasionally occupied by voluntary militia through 1864 and 1866 (Flemming, 1982).

The years following were among some of the harshest that the fort had ever experience. Nearly 50 years went by while the fort was uninhabited that the building began quickly deteriorating. The wooden buildings surrounding the tower were beginning to rot and had quickly become a desolate setting. By 1880 a fire had taken place in the central tower destroying nearly all of the remaining integrity of the works within. In the 1870's the nine-hole golf course was added to replace the 18-hole course at Fort George. Years later, the Queen's Royal Hotel and the Fort George golf clubs joined to create the Mississauga course in 1905. Fort Mississauga was later recognized as a National Historic site in 1920 and in 1924 officially became a beautiful part of the Niagara on the Lake Golf Course as it is seen today (Flemming, 1982).

In 1934 the construction of a stone sea wall was set in place to further reduce the deterioration of the fort and minimize the impacts of weathering on the fort. Then in 1946 another fire took place in the central tower and by 1960 the gates had completely fallen off, further opening the site to the public (Flemming, 1982).

Education / Interpretation:

The geological history of the site for Fort Mississauga is considerably long and provides extensive insight of the current land features. However, the human history of the site has little representation as a whole for the site and is often overshadowed by Fort George, which is located minutes away. In regards to physical educational resources on the site, it is very difficult to come across information as from the plaque located on the side of the central tower. There is no intention to add a visitor center or additional information to the site presently which can make it difficult to interpret without prior knowledge or information regarding the human geographical significance.

Though the site has significant historical significance for the war of 1812, the site sees very little use for historical significance. Thus, the majority of its use comes from recreational activities such as golfing or occasional visits to the location. It can be found that there are several signs of vandalism on the site as it has no defined boundaries or restrictions to prevent activity on the site outside of daylight hours. Parks Canada has contributed to the preservation of the location by identifying the fort as a National Historic Site. Despite this, there is little information provided through signage and plaques on site. Likewise, information on their site is incredibly minimal and further research would have to be conducted elsewhere to fully grasp the significance of the fort. Thus, this can be directly correlated to the success of the historic site as a whole. The Friends of Fort George are a non-profit organization that are devised by Parks Canada to achieve local goals and run events regarding historic sites in Niagara on the Lake. Further, the organization offers haunted tours on many of the sites in the region, one of which being Fort Mississauga where information is provided on stories surrounding the human history at the destination. Their mandate aims "To support Parks Canada for the protection, preservation, development and interpretation of the historical resources and stories of national significance of Niagara National Historic Sites" ("Our Mandate | The Friends of Fort George", 2016). However, it can be perceived that there many a lack of initiative placed on the significance of preserving, developing and interpreting the Fort George site. This can be seen through the closure of the central tower, deterioration of the fortifications and misuse of graffiti and littering.

There are many opportunities for Parks Canada and the Friends of Fort George to engage visitors with Fort Mississauga. It is regarded largely as a segment of many of the strategic outposts that can be attributed to the success of the war of 1812 (Flemming, 1982). From this, visitors to Fort George should be encouraged to visit the grounds of Fort Mississauga as to fully engage in educational activities. Thus, this could be seen as a valuable aspect of aiding the interpretation of the War of 1812 and its significance to Canadian heritage as a whole.

Architectural Heritage:

The central tower of the fort was always a constant work, undergoing construction from 1814 until 1838. In its final form the tower stands at 25 feet in height and walls that are eight feet thick at the base and seven feet thick at higher levels. Inside, there is a basement formerly used for storage and housing important pieces. However, the years after proved to require constant maintenance of the central tower. In the 1840's a plaster stucco was added to the exterior and later in 1905 a roof with dormer windows was added for additional protection to the interior. In 1915, new cement parging was added to the exterior walls again, remnants of which can still be seen today. The interior part of the building, however, remains in lamentable shape due to the multiple fires and constant vandalism (Flemming, 1982).

The construction of the earthworks began in 1814 and was completed in the late 1830's. The star shaped method of fortification was not widely popular for throughout the military and was only supposed to be a temporary development. During the 1820's the parapet was nearly 10 feet in height and just under 20 feet in thickness. The exterior portions of the fort had a drawbridge and ditch by 1838. However, the harsh weathering from the lake has taken its toll on the on the outer earthworks, thus reducing the size of the original fortifications (Flemming, 1982).

The central tower and star shaped earthworks are the only remaining fortifications that still exist today. Other buildings such as barracks, soldiers' barracks, a cook house, officers' quarters, engineers' storage, and artillery storage were demolished throughout the 1880's. These buildings were constructed throughout the war and during a time where the military was under immense pressure from opposing forces and had limited resources to work with (Flemming, 1982).

Recreational Uses:

The area within Fort Mississauga currently controlled by Parks Canada and is commonly referred to as an area used for leisure and museum purposes. Leading to the entrance of the fort there is a municipal trail maintained by the Friends of Fort George. However, the area surrounding the Fort is used as the greens for the Niagara on the Lake golf course. The Niagara on the Lake Golf course is the oldest standing golf course in North America with a total of nine holes. This area is controlled by the owners of the course and can be used by paying members of the club. On the Northern side of the grounds there is an area that may be used for fishing on Lake Ontario. This can be commonly used to fish for fresh water fish such as Bass, Trout, Pickerel and Salmon. This area can also be used as a boat launch for canoes, kayaks as well other small water vessels and can be accessed through the gate in the fort or walking around the fortifications.

The land where Fort Mississauga is located is owned by Parks Canada which aims to protect the natural and cultural heritage of the site. Their charter is committed to protect, present, celebrate and serve the visitors who seek to make use of the site (Parks Canada, 2016). Their mandate is aimed to:

" On behalf of the people of Canada, we protect and present nationally significant examples of Canada's natural and cultural heritage, and foster public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment in ways that ensure the ecological and commemorative integrity of these places for present and future generations" (Parks Canada, 2016).

Public access to the fort is permitted from dawn until dusk but visitors are urged to uphold caution as they pass through the golf course and respect those making use of the site. The zoning of the site is impacted through the use of the golf course and is requested that visitors respect paying members of the club when accessing the fort through the footpath. The site itself is therefore maintained by the course as they take care of lawn mowing as to ensure that the landscape closely resembles the greens of the course by the first hole. The changes over time have occurred to ensure that the golf course maintains high standards and a landscape that best suits the needs of golfers.

The area leading to the site is maintained by the Friends of Fort George which offers support to Parks Canada in maintaining the site and promoting its cultural significance as they state:

"To support Parks Canada for the protection, preservation, development and interpretation of the historical resources and stories of national significance of Niagara National Historic Sites which includes Fort George, Brock's Monument, Butler's Barracks, Fort Mississauga, Lakeshore properties and the Military Reserve, known as The Commons" (The Friends of Fort George, 2016).

The growth of the site is heavily dependent of funding for the Friends of Fort George and the initiatives set by the board of directors. Thus, the it is evident that there is no intention to improve the visitor experience of the site as most resources are used for Fort George. The central tower of the course is locked and restricted due to vandalism and other safety regulations due to the state of the interior of the building.

The site of Fort Mississauga is located on the corner of the Niagara Strait which is drained into Lake Ontario. This the land portion of this site features the Niagara on the Lake golf course which offers access through main roads and footpaths. The impact of urbanization is quite evident in the area surrounding the fort. This can be seen through the growth of the village, Niagara on the Lake, and its local significance for attracting tourists to the surrounding wineries and historic military sites. According to Aberti's (2008) landscape signatures it can be found that the link between socioeconomic and ecological processes exists through the creation of the golf course just outside of the fort. This can be seen through the use of the rolling golfing greens as well as the flora and fauna in the region which can further be deduced to having a low patch density on the course. As far as spatial GMA goals are concerned, the areas surrounding Niagara on the Lake should aim to focus more on offering transportation methods to the region in order to increase visitor numbers year round (Alberti, 2008)

Parks Canada

Parks Canada National Office

30 Victoria Street

Gatineau, Quebec

Canada

J8X 0B3

General Inquiries:

888-773-8888

General Inquiries (International):

819-420-9486

Teletypewriter (TTY):

866-787-6221

The Friends of Fort George

Email

Friends of Fort George: giftshop@friendsoffortgeorge.ca

Parks Canada: ont-niagara@pc.gc.ca

Telephone

Fort George Gift Shop & General Inquiries: 905-468-6621

Brock's Monument: 905-262-4759

Parks Canada: 905-468-6614

Niagara-on-the-Lake Golf Club

Public Golf Course

Address: 143 Front St, Niagara On The Lake, ON L0S 1T0

Phone:905-468-3424

Alberti, M. (2008).Advances in urban ecology [electronic resource] : integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems / Marina Alberti. n.p.: New York : Springer, c2008., 2008.Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost(accessed October 18, 2016).

Alberti, M. (2008). Landscape Signatures. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems (pp. 93-112). New York: Springer.Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost (accessed Sept 28th, 2014).

Alberti, M. (2008). Hydrological Processes. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems (pp. 133-161). New York: Springer. Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost (accessed Sept 28th, 2014).

Brock Campus, 1934 [air photo]. (2016) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved fromhttps://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-viewson October 27th, 2016.

Brock Campus, 1954 [air photo]. (2016) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved fromhttps://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-viewson October 27th, 2016.

Brock Campus, 2000 [air photo]. (2016) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved fromhttps://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-viewson October 27th, 2016.

Brock Campus, 2010 [air photo]. (2016) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved fromhttps://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-viewson October 27th, 2016.

Flemming, D. (1982). Fort Mississauga (pp. 4-44, 49-88). Ottawa: Parks Canada.

Hough, M. (2004). Wildlife. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 130 - 159). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 28th, 2014).

Hough, M. (2004). City Farming. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 159 - 188). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 24th, 2014).

Menzies, J. (2001). The Quaternary Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Small, Ice-Proximal, Subaqueous Grounding-Line Moraines in the Central Niagara Peninsula, Southern Ontario.Géographie Physique Et Quaternaire, 55(1), 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/005658ar

Street, M. (2012). Niagara Peninsula Hawkwatch Open House. Niagaragreenbelt.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016, from http://www.niagaragreenbelt.com/site-map/522-niagara-peninsula-hawkwatch-openhouse.html

Our Mandate | The Friends of Fort George. (2016). Friendsoffortgeorge.ca. Retrieved 20 October 2016, from http://www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/about/mandate/index.html

Parks Canada - The Parks Canada Charter - The Charter. (2016). Pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2 November 2016, from http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/agen/chart/chartr.aspx

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Dustin Oostendarp for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 11, 2016.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.