The Bowmanville Valley is in Bowmanville, Ontario, a town within the Municipality of Clarington. As its name states, it is a valley which features Bowmanville Creek, a public park, historical buildings and former industrial plants. The valley stretches roughly 4 km, starting at Lake Ontario and moving northward to Highway 2, although much of the remaining physical history is limited to the northernmost 2.5 km. Once home to booming commercial and industrial buildings, the surviving structures are primarily used for retail and historical sites, connected by beautiful multi-use trails.

Image 1.1 - Bowmanville Valley. (Source: Google Earth)

Bowmanville Valley's history began in the early 1800s with a sawmill built by Charles Bowman, and the area was later dubbed "Darlington Mills" (Valleys 2000, 2020, History of Bowmanville Creek Valley). Other industrial businesses decided to set up camp along Bowmanville Creek in the early 1900s, including the first Goodyear plant in Canada (Origin of Goodyear Co., 1945, para. 14) and a canning factory, Ross Can the property of which was also home to a CN train track dating back to 1856. This factory has since become the site for many businesses, including a brewery and athletic studios. The mills and factories made their home near the creek for obvious reasons, and the humans did too. Not only did the creek provide power and a place to dispose of their waste, it was also a source of food with the yearly Atlantic and Chinook salmon run. There is an existing fish ladder which attracts many onlookers each Fall, and people even used to volunteer to carry fish over the adjacent dam to ensure their success in spawning.

The industrialization of the area changed the ecological makeup of the Valley. A heavily treed forest in the 1800s was cleared, at least in part, to make room for roads, businesses and railways. Later, these areas were cleared further in order to install multi-use trails, parks and subdivisions. This deforestation and development of a previously overgrown, heavily forested area would have undoubtedly created a warmer atmosphere, increased pollution and decreased air quality (Hough, 2004, p. 190-191). Now, much of the Valley is comprised of mixed forest (deciduous and coniferous) and plenty of native and non-native plant species. There are some swampy areas that boast cattail and feature ducks and geese by the hundreds, and other areas that are grassy, full of goldenrod and wild parsnip.

Much of the treed space has since been developed either into retail businesses, roads or homes, but a dedicated group of individuals have worked hard to ensure that the Valley maintains its historical and ecological beauty. Valleys 2000 is made up of a group of volunteers who work to "develop, enhance, promote and preserve trails, riverbank improvements, informal signage, fish and wildlife habitat and special natural areas" ("Mission Statement," para. 1). There is much to be admired about the vast landscapes throughout the Bowmanville Valley, and there is also much to be explored.

Municipality: Clarington

Local area name: Bowmanville

Other identifying names or descriptions Spanning from Highway 2 to Lake Ontario

Latitude and longitude: 43.901852, -78.682292

Physical Dimensions

Length: 4 km

Width: Approximately 530 m at its widest point

Surface Area: Approximately 1,300,000 m2

Elevation:

The elevation in the Bowmanville Valley is as low as 73 m to 110 m above sea level.

The Bowmanville Valley is an area covering around 1.3 km2 of landscape within the Municipality of Clarington. It is a flood plain that is bordered by multi-use trails and residential and commercial buildings.It can be accessed on the north end from a parking lot just south of Highway 2, or from its southernmost walkable point on Baseline Rd. There are a variety of features within the valley including historical buildings, a park, Bowmanville Creek and multi-use trails to name a few. It spans approximately 4 km along Bowmanville Creek and is approximately 530 m at its widest point, with various ecological, historical and cultural features along the way. It makes up some of the headwaters of Lake Ontario which stem from the Oak Ridges Moraine, and wind through a mostly treed valley sprinkled with wetlands and a vast array of plants and wildlife.

The Bowmanville Valley has become a local attraction because of its beautiful trails, which include many natural features along with a man-made fish ladder which was completed in 2013. Prior to European settlement, this area would have been inhabited by the Mississauga and Chippewa of the Anishinabek. These tribes would have had an abundance of natural resources at their disposal in the Bowmanville Valley, including Atlantic and Chinook salmon which run the creek yearly. Currently, a group of volunteers maintain, fundraise for and provide news on the now mostly recreational area.

This report will discuss the historical uses and appearance of the area, how those uses have changed over time, and the affects that this has had on its ecological and physical features.

Map 1: Location of the Bowmanville Valley. (Source: Google Maps)

The flora in the Bowmanville Valley is vast and abundant. There is a wide variety of native plants including goldenrod, cattails, milkweed and wild parsnip. They are widespread and plentiful, since the area immediately surrounding the creek has been maintained as a "naturalized" area. This area is an example of the "natural forests and wetlands" discussed by Hough. There are healthy ecosystems that remain fairly unchanged, despite the new developments of commercial buildings and subdivisions nearby and human use of features like the paved multi-use trails (Hough, 2004, p. 90). There are also a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees which line the area, with plenty of hard woods in the older sections of forest.

Figure 1.2 - Trees in the Valley. (Source: Emma Hodkinson)

A commemorative forest has also been planted in part of the Valley, which spans six acres and boasts native hard and soft woods throughout. This was part of a plan to not only reduce maintenance costs, but also to maintain the natural look of the area. As Hough describes, the planting of these trees will also contribute to a healthy microclimate for other plants, increase shade and therefore vegetative cover, increase soil drainage and improve nitrogen levels to encourage growth (2004, p. 96).

Figure 1.3 - Commemorative Forest. (Source: Valleys 2000)

For every native plant species in the Valley, there is another invasive plant species, it seems. Phragmites are plentiful, along with garlic mustard and of course, the remnants of the damage done by the Emerald Ash Borer (DS Valleys, n.d., Discovery Station 5). There are also some invasive animals to be found, including the red-eared slider, goldfish and carp (Municipality of Clarington Sign).These invasive plants and animals, are likely as a result of the development by humans. As Marzluff et al. describe, the area fits the description of the "edge effect" (2008, p. 700). As he mentions, there has been an increase in invasive species, along with people poaching fish, which further disrupts the ecosystem. He says that this type of destruction is encouraged by the edge effect in areas like this, being a naturalized area immediately abutting roads. This is the case in many sections of the Valley.

Figure 1.4 - Some Young Fishermen. (Source: Emma Hodkinson)

Despite the fragmentation and poaching in the area, Trout and Chinook salmon are still plentiful in the waters. However, Atlantic salmon were once so bountiful that one fisherman described his boat being lifted up by them as he paddled ("Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario", 2020, para. "1805"). The destruction of forests, "cultivated land, runoff from farms, dam construction, and pollution from industrial and human sewage" ("Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario", 2020, para. (1881") destroyed the habitats for Atlantic salmon and they ceased to exist in the area shortly thereafter.

Figure 1.5 - Salmon Fishing Lake Ontario 1800s. (Source: Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario Story Map)

The fauna is supported and encouraged by the natural flora and human-made alterations in the area. Prior to the construction of the fish ladder, a dam had been constructed in the same section of creek in order to service the Goodyear factory, and the salmon were unable to pass the dam in order to spawn. Volunteers spent days lifting salmon over the dam in order for them to travel northward to their spawning grounds. There are also plenty of ducks and geese to be found in the area, since there is a large marsh adjacent to where the creek meets Lake Ontario. The Valleys 2000 organization has also erected a butterfly garden to encourage the butterfly population in the area (see image below). Fragmentation of lands affects all ecosystems, including the ones supporting insects, like butterflies.Although the area is likely not large enough to have a large impact on the butterfly populations, it is possible that some of them may be able to persist in such an environment as Shafer describes in Marzluff et al.'s Urban Ecology (2004, p. 721).

Figure 1.6 - Butterfly Garden. (Source: Emma Hodkinson)

Bowmanville Valley is just that; a shallow valley with a variation of 73 to 110 m above sea level. The area is somewhat hilly with low-degree slopes, and higher degrees of slopes as one approaches the edges. The valley is around 90 m above sea level on average, with its highest points being reached at the fish ladder and just under Hwy 2, where the Vanstone Mill is located. The surrounding areas outside of the Valley are only moderately higher above sea level, indicating that the valley is not a significant depression.

The Valley and its headwaters stem from the Oak Ridges Moraine, which was formed via ice melt from glaciers around 12,000 years ago (Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust, 2020). The earth here is made up of mostly gravel, silt and sand and therefore, the earth is very porous.This porous soil allows for excellent drainage, absorption and therefore, water balance despite the small section of the area that has been paved for a multi-use trail (Marzluff et al., 2008, p. 166). The danger of such porous and well-draining soil, is that the risk for erosion is increased. Although the erosion has not been notable or well documented to date, it is something that will be monitored in the future. There was a proposal for bank stabilization in 2005, but this proposal was withdrawn in 2007 according to the Government of Canada Website (2012).

Figure 1.7 - Multi-use paved path. (Source: Emma Hodkinson)

The multi-use trail that spans the length of the Valley between Highway 2 and Baseline Rd would have required grading and paving, but since it is approximately 3 m wide, the soil sealing affects are low. According to Wessolek's classification in Marzluff et al.'s Urban Ecology, the Valley would belong to Sealing Class I since the paved areas are a much lower percentage than the forest, water and meadow areas (2008, p.162-163).

Figure 1.8 - Vanstone Mill Pond and Dam. (Source: Whitby Public Library Archives)

The main hydrogeological feature in the Bowmanville Valley is Bowmanville Creek. Its initial uses by Bowmanville settlers were for obvious purposes: fresh drinking water and to power the nearby mills. The earliest settlers to the area built the Vanstone Mill, which was powered by a dam (Taws, 2012, p. 1). Behind the Vanstone Mill was a pond, see figure 1.8, which is no longer in existence but was once a local gathering place for recreational swimming and skating in the winter. Another dam was built west of the Goodyear plant, which was used to dispose of waste for the factory. It caused problems for the salmon which inhabited the creek, since they were unable to make the jump over the dam to spawn up-stream. Because of this, in 2013 construction was completed on a new fish ladder which allowed the large Chinook Salmon to continue their journey to their spawning grounds.

Figure 1.9 -Bowmanville Fish Ladder. (Source: Emma Hodkinson)

There have not been any significant natural changes in hydrogeology in recent centuries, but the initial formation of this area was as a result of glacier melting and re-freezing. Bowmanville Creek has been similar in width for as long as its history has been recorded. Erosion has occurred as it does, but has not been significant enough to damage structures or areas surrounding the creek.

Much of the installation of impermeable surfaces happed in the mid-to-late-1900s when the subdivisions abutting the Bowmanville Valley were built. These developments would have changed the drainage and have led to increased water levels and flooding post-rainfall, as described by Alberti (2008, p. 148). This is also discussed by Paul and Meyer in Marzluff et al.'s Urban Ecology, when they mention the impermeability and soil moisture levels which prevent water from being absorbed in catchment areas (Marzluff et al., 2008, p. 209). In fact, as early as 1876, there is evidence of structures, mainly the Highway 2 bridge being washed away multiple times due to creek swelling (Taws, 2012, p. 1). This led to the bridge being rebuilt on several occasions.

Figure 1.10 - Relationship between impervious surface and runoff. (Source: Alberti, p. 147)

Since the areas around the Valley have been developed for businesses and subdivisions alike, there likely has been at least a slight change in microclimate. Again, this is not something that has been recorded, at least for public access, but as Hough discusses, the construction of large buildings, pavement and the removal of vegetation will have had an impact on the microclimate in this area. Buildings absorb and therefore give off heat, and they also block wind and air flow. The installation of roads and houses increases the temperature in the area since asphalt is much warmer than vegetation; and air quality would be reduced due to the removal of vegetation (Hough, 2004, 193). Even so, the area is temperate, with a fair amount of rain and moderate temperatures.

Archaeological influences:

Prior to European settlement, the Bowmanville Valley would have been home to the Anishinaabe. They used the lands to live, hunt and fish. The Bowmanville creek would have provided an abundance of Chinook and then Atlantic salmon for their tribes. Its marshy areas would have been ideal places for hunting, and the deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Valley would have provided shade and cover from the elements. The water is clear and because of the mostly silt base, would have provided a healthy water source for settlers as well.

Land use history:

The first settlers here in the 1800s came from the United States, and consisted of three families. Initially, they lived on the shores of Lake Ontario, but later moved North to reside on the creek banks of the Bowmanville Creek into what was described as "unbroken forest" (Taws, 2012, p. 1). During the first World War, a section of the Valley just south of Highway 2 (the northern part of the Valley) was used as a military camp. It was named "Camp Hoskin" and could be accessed by way of a wooden ladder, leading from where Rotary Park currently sits (Taws, 2012, p. 4). The wooden ladder has since been replaced by a staircase which still stands to this day. There are several industrial plants along the creek, the aforementioned Vanstone Mill and the Goodyear Plant, which was built in 1905. They used the creek for power, but mostly to dump their waste, the effects of which have not been officially recorded or studied to the public's knowledge. This would have deposited some contaminants in to the basin of the creek, but the impacts of this have not yet been studied.

Education / Interpretation:

Throughout the Valley, the Valleys 2000 organization has erected signs that feature a barcode. When scanned with a smartphone, viewers are redirected to informational pages that give descriptions of features in the area, along with activities for kids. This concept is a prime example of the resource mapping mentioned by Baeker and Hanna, particularly as it allows users of the paths to access local culture and history (Baeker & Hanna, 2009, p. 10). Downtown Bowmanville, there is also an historical centre and museum named "Clarington Museum and Archives" that houses much of Clarington's physical history. Clarington Public Library also holds some information regarding the Valley and its history, along with the historical buildings that can be found along its paths.

Architectural Heritage:

Early in Bowmanville's history, the Valley was home to a booming industry. One of the first settlers there, John Burk built a mill named Vanstone Mill. The Mill was the first of its kind in the surrounding area, and prior to this, Bowmanville residents had to take a 2-week canoe ride to Belleville to mill their grain to flour (DS Valleys, n.d., Discovery Station 1). Vanstone mill is still standing today and looks much the same as it did in the early years. It is the only remaining building from the 1800s, although there were many other industrial buildings including "a pottery works, distillery, soap-making works, oatmeal mill, a foundry, woodworking shop, machine shop and a tannery" (Taws, 2012, p. 4).

Figure 1.11 - Map of Bowmanville Creek from 1806. (Source: DS Valleys, DS 1)

Recreational Uses:

The Bowmanville Valley has a 1.8 km multi-use trail, which hosts bicyclists, joggers and walkers alike. The creek also draws thousands of fishermen, particularly in the Fall season when the Salmon are migrating to their spawning grounds north of Lake Ontario. These activities are not organized; however, they are overseen by various governing bodies. The municipality oversees the multi-use trails by enforcing bylaws and maintaining the trails, grass and emptying garbage bins. The fishing portion is overseen by the Ministry of Natural Resources, local police and recently, Valleys 2000 has also taken on some responsibility to ensure that fishermen are obeying the law. There are plans to expand the walking trail to connect it with the waterfront trail, and several other trails in the area to make a "Green Loop."

Ownership, jurisdiction, access, and management

The lands and watershed of Bowmanville Valley falls within CLOCA (Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority) boundaries. The area is regulated by CLOCA but officially maintained by the Municipality of Clarington. Their staff carry out regular maintenance like grass cutting, but CLOCA would be responsible for any large-scale projects such as the removal of diseased trees, beaver dams, tree planting, etc. The ownership and responsibility remain with CLOCA, but the Municipality assumes much of the responsibility as far as maintenance goes.The municipality would also be responsible for the installation and maintenance of walking paths and Rotary Park, but they would have to conform to the standards set out by CLOCA.

Bowmanville Valley is open to the public, and public use is encouraged. It brings many people to the area daily, to fish, walk, bike or bird-watch. The fish ladder is a particular area of interest for many people, and people come from near and far to watch the Chinook salmon take their incredible journey every Fall. There is a group of volunteers who state that their mission is to "work exclusively with the Municipality to build a strategic vision to develop, enhance, promote and preserve; trails, riverbank improvements, informational signage, fish and wildlife habitat and special natural areas" (Valleys 2000, 2016, Mission Statement). They fundraise and set out to accomplish goals of improvement to the area, while consulting the Municipality, Ministry of Natural Resources and CLOCA along the way.

Since the land is owned by CLOCA, they determine much of the appearance of the landscape in Bowmanville Valley. The municipality has been allowed to add features, make changes to some of the landscape and install multi-use trails, but all of these projects are performed under the watchful eye of CLOCA. Naturalized areas must be maintained and therefore any construction must occur a certain distance from the creek. CLOCA works hard to preserve the natural and historical elements of the area while ensuring a sustainable future for the Bowmanville Valley. As highlighted on the Valleys 2000 website, their goal is "to work towards the awareness, understanding, wise use and enhancement of our watershed resources for the benefit of the natural environment in partnership with our municipalities and our community" (Valleys 2000, 2016, CLOCA).

The Bowmanville Valley is connected to its surroundings by way of the creek, roads, bridges and pathways. The Bowmanville Creek stems from the Oak Ridges Moraine, and leads all the way down to Lake Ontario. This made the Valley an attractive area for settlers, since it was clean, had an abundance of natural resources and was close to Lake Ontario, the central hub for connectivity to other destinations. The wildlife had an easily-traveled path, since the creek is fairly direct and has a bountiful ecosystem. The roads which cross over the Valley and paths that lead to the surrounding areas have caused some fragmentation and impeded the natural habitats, it has allowed for better connectivity for humans (Alberti, 2008, p. 111).

When we think of the fact that residents in the area had to travel for two weeks by canoe in order to mill their grains into flour, we can understand the need to develop industrial buildings near the water (DS Valleys, n.d., Discovery Station 1). Luckily, thanks to the clauses imposed by CLOCA, much of the Valley will remain untouched and undeveloped for the foreseeable future.

Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority

Email: mail@cloca.com

Phone: 905-579-0411

Administration Office

100 Whiting Avenue

Oshawa, ON

Municipality of Clarington

Website: https://www.clarington.net/en/index.asp

Phone: 905-623-3379

40 Temperance Street

Bowmanville, ON

Valleys 2000

Website: https://valleys2000.ca/

Email: info@valleys2000.ca

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pg/Valleys2000

35 Roenigk Drive

Bowmanville, ON

References

Alberti, M. (2008). Hydrological Processes. Advances in Urban Ecology Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. (1st ed. 2008.). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6

Alberti, M. (2008). Landscape Signatures. Advances in Urban Ecology Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. (1st ed. 2008.). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6

Baeker, G., & Hanna, J. (2009). Culture, Authenticity, Place. Municipal World, 9-12. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://lms.brocku.ca/access/content/group/0c4b412...Baeker%20and%20Hanna%202009%20-%20Culture%2C%20Authenticity%2C%20Place%20-%20Municipal%20World.pdf

Bring Back the Salmon. (2020, May 06). Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/24ebd4f05c13410dbed13db53f85b5ab

Bowmanville East Urban Centre Secondary Plan Update. (2019, April 16). Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://www.clarington.net/en/do-business/resources/Community-Planning-and-Studies/Bowmanville-East-Urban-Centre/PIC-2-Technical-Report.pdf

Discovery Stations. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://ds.valleys2000.ca/ds5/

Explore Our Moraine. (2020). Oak Ridges Moraine Land Trust. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.oakridgesmoraine.org/explore/

Government of Canada, C. (2012, December 05). Archived - Bank Stabilization Work, Bowmanville Creek, Municipality of Clarington. Retrieved November 01, 2020, from https://www.acee-ceaa.gc.ca/052/details-eng.cfm?pid=15234

History of Bowmanville Creek Valley. (2020, June 22). Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://valleys2000.ca/bowmanville-valley/history-of-bowmanville-creek-valley/

Hough, M. (2004). Climate. Cities and natural process: A basis for sustainability. ProQuest Ebook Centralhttps://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.brocku.ca

Hough, M. (2004). Plants. Cities and natural process : A basis for sustainability. ProQuest Ebook Centralhttps://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.library.brocku.ca

Marzluff, J., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., Zumbrunnen, C.(2008). Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance. Urban ecology an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer.

Marzluff, J., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., Zumbrunnen, C. (2008). Sealing of Soils. Urban ecology an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer.

Marzluff, J., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., Zumbrunnen, C. (2008). Streams in the Urban Landscape. Urban ecology an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer.

Marzluff, J., Schulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., Zumbrunnen, C. (2008). Terrestrial Nature Reserve Design at the Urban/Rural Interface. Urban ecology an international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Springer.

Mission Statement. (2020, June 22). Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://valleys2000.ca/get-involved/mission-statement/

Origin of Goodyear Co. Story of Health and Vision. (1945, November 1). Retrieved September 27, 2020, from http://images.ourontario.ca/Partners/ClaPL/CLaPL002714433pf_0003.pdf

Taws, C. (2012). History of Bowmanville Valley Part II. Clarington Promoter,2(4).Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://claringtonpromoter.ca/document/publication-2012-05

Taws, C. (2012). History of Bowmanville Valley Part I. Clarington Promoter, 2(3). Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://claringtonpromoter.ca/document/publication...

Valleys 2000. (2016, January 16). CLOCA. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://valleys2000.ca/partners/cloca/

Wessolek, G. (2008). Sealing of Soils. Urban Ecology, 161-179. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://link-springer-com.proxy.library.brocku.ca/...

Images

2 Old Guys Walking. (2016, June 22). Vanstone Mill 2016 [Digital image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://2oldguyswalking.wordpress.com/2016/06/22/the-other-mill-in-bowmanville-ontario/

2000, V. (2020). Commemorative Forest [Digital image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://valleys2000.ca/bowmanville-valley/commemorative-forest/#:~:text=Valleys%202000%20Commemorative%20Forest&text=Currently%2C%20there%20are%20trees%20that,trees%20that%20recognize%20special%20achievements.

Author Unknown. (2020, May 06). Atlantic Salmon in Lake Ontario. Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/24ebd4f05c13410dbed13db53f85b5ab

Durham Drone Guy. (2020, September 14). [Facebook Image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/durhamdroneguy/photos/a.832729363798583/832715513799968

Durham Drone Guy. (2020, October 1). If you haven't been to the Bowmanville Creek yet, now is the time to go. After the rain the salmon [Video attached]. Facebook Watch. https://www.facebook.com/461243580947165/videos/845854122486107

Durham Drone Guy. (2019, September 21). Fish Ladder [Digital image]. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/durhamdroneguy/photos/a.587336621671193/587341038337418

Google Earth. Bowmanville Valley [Satellite image]. 2020 Layer. 400m. Emma Hodkinson; using "Google Earth" (Sept 27, 2020).

Google Earth. Bowmanville Valley [Satellite Image]. 2005 Layer. 400m. Emma Hodkinson; using "Google Earth" (Sept 27, 2020).

Google Earth. Bowmanville Valley [Satellite Image]. 1 km. Emma Hodkinson; using "Google Earth" (Sept 27, 2020).

Google Earth. Highway 2 Bridge [Satellite Image]. 30 m. Bowmanville, ON. Google, 2020.

Hollingshead Factory 1938 [The Historical Society of Riverton]. (2016, February). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.trainweb.org/oldtimetrains/CPR_Trenton/RMHollingshead.htm

Hollingshead Factory 2017 [The Historical Society of Riverton]. (2016, February). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from http://www.trainweb.org/oldtimetrains/CPR_Trenton/RMHollingshead.htm

Jeffrey, J. (2010, May 23). Vanstone Mill [Digital image]. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from http://images.ourontario.ca/whitby/44300/comments

Taws, C. (2012, May). Highway 2 Bridge Pre-1973 [History of Bowmanville Valley Part II]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://claringtonpromoter.ca/document/publication-2012-05

Valleys, DS. (n.d.). Map of Bowmanville Creek from 1806 [Digital image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://ds.valleys2000.ca/station/ds1/ds1past/page/2/

Valleys, DS. (n.d.). Vanstone Mill and Downtown [Digital image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://ds.valleys2000.ca/station/ds1/ds1past/page/2/

Valleys 2000. (2016). Goodyear Dam Before [Digital Image]. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://valleys2000.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Before-1.jpg

Maps

Google. Map of Bowmanville Valley [map]. Scale: 500 m. Generated by Emma Hodkinson; "Google Maps" https://www.google.com/maps/place/43%C2%B054'06.7%22N+78%C2%B040'56.3%22W/@43.9013238,-78.6840821,5783m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d43.901852!4d-78.682292> (Oct. 27, 2020)

Jacob Adams. Rotary Park [Google Street View]. "Google Street View"Google Street View> (Oct. 27, 2020).

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Emma Hodkinson for the Brock University course TOUR 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 2, 2020.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.