Flat Rock Cellars was founded in 1999 by Ed Madronich. The cellar is situated on a beautiful section of the Niagara Escarpment within Jordan Ontario, also known as the Jordan or Twenty-Mile Bench. Due to past glacial events, such as the Laurentide Icesheet 30 thousand years ago, the Jordan Bench is enriched with clay and till soils, and has a limestone bedrock. These glacial events are what shaped the Niagara Escarpment, and has allowed for unique microcliamtes throughout the region. In particular, the Jordan Bench is known to be a cooler climate, which supports Flat Rock Cellars' vineyards of Pinot Noir, Riesling, Chardonnay, and Gewurztraminer. With 2 vineyard blocks approximately 20 feet higher than the rest, due to the escarpment formation, Flat Rock Cellars is truly able to display their terroir through their wines. The Niagara Peninsula has always been a key spot for agriculture, even for the first known settlers such as the Neutral Indians. However, it was not until the late 1870's that grape production and cultivation became more popular (Matheson, 2008). Concession 6, Lot 17, where the Flat Rock Cellars property is located, was once owned by Sam Fretz in 1862 and the Eberhardt family in 1876. Staff Estates, however, was the owner of the lot when Madronich purchased it in 1999. Flat Rock Cellars showcases its beautiful terroir through the use of a gravity-flow winery, geo-thermal technologies, and sustainable winemaking. Although the winemakers have full reigns on how the grapes are to be harvested and how the wines are to be made, it is the visitors and consumers who allow the cellars to continue to produce exceptional wines.

Municipality: Lincoln, Ontario

Local area name: Jordan Station

Other identifying names or descriptions: Jordan Bench or Twenty-Mile Bench

Latitude and Longitude: 43.1244163, -79.3678542

Physical Dimensions

Maximum Length: 1000 metres

Maximum Width: 400 metres

Surface Area: 342 638 meters squared

Elevation:

Highest point: 165 metres

Lowest point: 138 metres

Flat Rock Cellars (FRC) is located on the Jordan Bench within the Niagara Peninsula. With roughly 95 acres, and 65 acres under vine, this winery is more than just beautiful vineyards. The FRC entrance is 30 metres higher than the lowest part of the property. At this height, the Toronto skyline is visible from the parking lot as well as the retail store (Image 1). Flat Rock Cellars is one of twelve wineries that are certified in Sustainable Winemaking, which means FRC works diligently to enhance the environment by using sustainable practices within the winery and throughout the vineyards. Although the vineyards are the primary source of biotic species, native plants and animals can be seen enjoying the property as well.

Map 1: Flat Rock Cellars is located on the Jordan Bench, south of King Street between the Louth Conservation area and Ball's Falls Conservation Area.

Adjacent to Bruce Trail on the Niagara Escarpment, Flat Rock Cellars is located within Southwestern Ontario's Carolinian Biotic Zone (Ontario Biodiversity Council, 2015). This zone, also known as ecoregion 7E, has the most diverse forms of flora and fauna (Crins, Gray, Uhlig, Wester, 2009). UNESCO designated the Niagara Escarpment as one of their Biosphere Reserve's in 1990, which recognizes the sustainable significance and importance of this land form (UNESCO, 2015; Brown, Middleton & Vaughn, 2010). Sugar maple, American beech and white ash are some of the species that are found within this particular ecoregion (Crins, Gray, Uhlig, Wester, 2009). More specifically, sugar maples are one of the most common species of tree found on the Flat Rock Cellars property. As Hough, 2008, explains, rooftops are often places that are not used to their full potential. However, Flat Rock Cellars has taken advantage of their cellar and warehouse roof to use as beautiful outdoors seating, known as their Green Rooftop Patio (Image 2). Native vines, possibly that of Virginia Creeper (Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 2014) (Image 3), can be seen climbing the outside walls of the winery around the Green Roof Patio. Species that are native to the bench were replanted on the property to re-establish the habitats that may have been lost over the years prior (Figure 4).

The property is roughly 95 acres, and has about 65 acres of Vitis Vinifera (Image 5). This is a common grape vine species that includes Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Riesling, which are the three grape varieties FRC focuses on. In between every second row of the vineyard, a cover crop is planted to protect the soil from erosion, improve biodiversity, and contribute to better soil structure (Urska, 2016). Each season FRC rotates the use of native grasses, radishes, parsnip, and clover between the rows of theirvineyards as cover crops (Image 6a; Image 6b). Around the front of the retail store and winery, Black Eyed Susan's, Lily's, young maple trees and other species are present (Image 7).

Over 430 million years ago, the Niagara Peninsula was under water. Rivers carried sand, silt and clay, into the sea above what is now, the Niagara Peninsula (Brown, Middleton & Vaughan, 2010). The saltwater organisms that were present during that time were composed mostly of calcium carbonate, which would harden into limestone (Shaw, n.d). As these materials compressed over millions of years, they created the sedimentary rock layers that are present within the Niagara Escarpment (Brown, Middleton & Vaughan, 2010).

The Niagara Escarpment was mainly shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation over 30 thousand years ago (Figure 1) (Williamson, 2014) . After many retreats and re-entrants of the ice sheet, unsorted sediment was deposited (Meyers & Eyles, 2007). In areas around St. Catharines, such as Jordan, the Niagara Escarpment is composed of roughly 200 feet of sandstone's, dolomite's, and limestone's (Straw, 1968). This is in part due to the lake deposits, from over 430 million years ago, and erosion that occurs on the Niagara Escarpment (Sly & Prior, 1984).

Limestone can be found anywhere across the Flat Rock Cellars property (Image 9; Image 10), as well as within the wines. During the establishment of Flat Rock Cellars, a large piece of limestone was found which encases a fossil of a cephalopod (Image 11) (T. Medcalf, personal communications, October 12, 2020). The soils that FRC plants the vineyards in are composed of deep clay, till, and are rich in calcium carbonate, which is limestone (VQA Twenty Mile Bench, n.d). As the roots of the vines grow deeper, they absorb the water off the limestone bedrock, as well as the nutrients it provides (Tablas Creek, 2010). Thus, providing beautiful minerality and strucuture to the wines.

Over the years, Flat Rock Cellars has done as little as possible to disrupt the surrounding native habitats since taking ownership in 1999. The entrance and other driveways around the property were created using gravel, which disturb the healthy bacteria in the ground and plants less than paved driveways (Doityourself Staff, 2010). The creation of the winery and retail store were built vertically, and into the side of the escarpment, to minimize the footprint on the land and use the natural warmth of the earth for insulation (Image 12) (M. Hadden, personal communications, October 14, 2020).

A small stream runs along the west side of the winery into Flat Rock Cellars' pond. During a hot and dry summer this stream will be rather small and slow, however with high precipitation this stream will be more free flowing. Depending on the season, the water level within the pond will fluctuate. In the 1876 Louth Township map below (Map 2), it can be seen that the river during that time ran from the west, near Nineteenth Street and Seventh Ave, to the east along the bottom end of the property, and then north over the Bruce Trail( Map 2). Although there is no river that runs near the end of the property today, the water way seems to still be present west of Nineteenth Street and North of the Bruce Trail (Map 3).

The climate in the Niagara region has been influenced by various anthropogenic factors over the years. Agriculture has been found to be one of the leading causes of climate change (Rodale Institute, 2019). In the Niagara Peninsula alone there are over 2200 farms, which have a large impact on climate and the environment (Penney, 2012). The use of machinery, fertilizers and pesticides can directly or indirectly affect the consumption of energy, as well as the ecology of soil. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmoshpere when changes in soil ecology occur (Gomiero, Pimentel & Paoletti, 2011). Tourism has also shown to contribute to Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG). Transportation, infrastructure and leisure activities associated with tourism account for around 5% of GHG (Grimm, Alcantara & Sampaio, 2018). In recent year the Niagara region welcomes nearly 14 million visitors (Niagara Falls Canada, 2020).

Many visitors explore the Niagara Region purely due to the incredible wine industry. The Niagara Peninsula has a cooler climate and many unique microclimates. Depending on the location, vineyards will be affected by the circulation of Lake Ontario winds, Lake Erie winds, or both (Grimm, Alcantara & Sampaio, 2018). These Lake Effects reduce land temperatures in the spring and increase land temperatures in the fall, which limits the risk of frost on the vines (VQA Ontario, n.d). Vineyards within the Niagara River, Four Mile Creek, Short Hills Bench & St.Davids Bench are going to have the highest average temperature in the summer, ~22.55 C, out of all the sub appellations. Whereas the Twenty Mile Bench, Vinemount Ridge & Beamsville Bench are going to have the coldest average temperature in the summer, ~21.65 C, out of all the sub appellations.

At Flat Rock Cellars, which is situated within the Twenty Mile Bench, the impact by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario winds is evident. In 2016, a cold front off Lake Erie became stagnant at the end of the property over what used to be the Syrah vineyard. As this cold front sat for a prolonged period of time it actually damaged the vineyard, which is now a vacant patch at the end of the property (Image 13). Nadja's Vineyard Riesling and the other vineyard planted near the entrance of FRC are impacted by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario winds. The winds make this area about 0.2 degrees Celsius colder than the base of the property (E. Madronich, personal communications, October 15, 2020).

Hough, 2008, brings forth the advantages tree and vegetation coverage has on climate. Decidous trees, which can be found on the FRC property, can reduce temperatures by providing shade (Hough, 2008, p.200). Wall-climbing plants, which can also be found on the FRC property, help circulate air around the building and reduce temperatures within that building (Hough, 2008, p.200).

The earliest known settlers for the Lincoln area were Neutral Indians (Lincoln Public Library, 2010). Neutrals are a confederation of the Iroquoian tribes who lived north of Lake Erie and east of the Niagara River. Due to being neutral in the wars between the Iroquois and the Hurons, the French called them Neutrals (White, 1913; Belanger, 2004).The Royal Ontario Museum found evidence of Neutral encampment just east of Beamsville, however the houses were destroyed just over 30 years ago.

In 1653 the Iroquois decimated the Neutrals, and in 1777 there were fewer native people living near Beamsville due to European settlers. The ex-Butler's Rangers were the earliest European settlers in the area. Beamsville was created by United Empire Loyalist Jacob Beam, and the villages of Jordan and Vineland were founded by mennonites travelling from the United States. Jordan Station, where Flat Rock Cellars is located, was a busy shipping centre for exporting goods. This ship industry and production of fruits has continued into what we see today (Lincoln Public Library, 2010).

Before 1791, the Town of Lincoln, which alalgamates the Town of Beamsville, the Township of Clinton and roughly half of the Township of Louth, was governed as part of the province of Quebec. When the township was placed in the English Upper Canada, the Colonel John Graves Simcoe named the Lincoln County after the English counterparts (Lincoln Public Library, 2010).

Throughout the 1900s the Staff family, Sue-Ann Staff Estates, owned 800 acres around their property at 3210 Staff Avenue (Map 4). Concession 6, Lot 17, which the Flat Rock Cellars property is situated on, was originally part of the Staff Estates acreage prior to 1999 (E. Madronich, personal communications, October 15, 2020). Before the Staff family took ownership of this lot, there is evidence that the Eberhardt family has possession from around 1876 (Map 5) (McGill University, 2001), to roughly 1891 (Sue, 1999). In 1862, prior to the Eberhardts ownership, Sam Fretz owned this lot, lot 17, on concession 6 (Map 6) (Ontario Historical County Maps Project, n.d).

Map 4: Sue-Ann Staff Estates property which has been in the family over 200 years

Educational Resources:

Although there are no specific educational resources available that involve Flat Rock Cellars (FRC), the landscape as a whole provides education on environmental importance. Whether it be through a conversation with a staff member or reading about FRC online, there is always a story to be shared. However, the vineyards at FRC have been used for research purposes in the past, specifically Nadja's Vineyard Riesling (Image 14) (Willwerth, Reynolds & Lesschaeve, 2015; Willwerth, 2011) .

Architectural Heritage:

When the Flat Rock Cellars property was first purchased in 1999, there was nothing more than acres of vineyards and a well built shed, which is now a landmark on the property known as "The Rusty Shed" (Image 15). Although there has not been much upkeep done on the shed over the years, it still stands as a beautiful piece of FRC history and will continue to be for as long as possible. Previously to the purchase of the property, it is unclear exactly what may have been built on the property. In 2003, Ed Madronich got the permits to build the winery and wine shop that can be seen on the property today. These two buildings, connected by a short hallway, were built vertically to preserve the landscape and natural environment as much as possible (Image 13). This allowed FRC to minimize their footprint on the land and truly allow the natural environment to flourish.

Recreational Uses:

Flat Rock Cellars' (FRC) primary use is for the purchase and consumption of the wine they produce. With that being said, FRC has worked diligently to also create an outdoor experience throughout their property for those that wish to explore. Whether it be enjoying a glass of wine by the beautiful pond (Image 16) or taking a stroll on the various trails throughout the vineyards (Image 17), there is more for the public to do than simply buy wine. There are 3 primary trails that FRC has created within the property (Image 18).

Being that Flat Rock Cellars is privately owned, all public or private use on the property is controlled by the company. Throughout the year FRC host's various events, from movie nights and yoga in the vineyard (Image 19), to their annual grape stomp and food & wine pairings.

Ownership, jurisdiction, access, and management

Since 1999, when Flat Rock Cellars was founded, the ownership of the property and winery has remained within the Madronich family. Collectively, the FRC staff propose opinions and ideas about ways the property can be improved. The property is open to the public for use during the hours of operation and for private events. As stated in the section above, public use on the property includes the purchase and consumption of wine, walks through the vineyards, as well as education about FRC history and production.

Flat Rock Cellars, according to the Niagara Escarpment Plan, is within the Escarpment Protection Area (Figure). The main objectives of the Escarpment Protection Area Plan include maintaining the scenic resources and open landscape of the escarpment, protecting the natural heritage system and natural areas of the region, and conserving cultural heritage. There are roughly 36 uses of the Escarpment Protection Area that are permitted, which includes agriculture and associated infrastructure (Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2017).

Landscape connectivity, as Alberti, 2008, describes, is important for both the dynamics and survival of a population. In an urban setting, if the focus is facilitating and enhancing human activities, a connected landscape can be seen as the development of road and city infrastructures (Alberti, 2008, p.111). Flat Rock Cellars can be classified as a connected landscape as they not only facilitate the flow of resources and enhance human activities, but also increase the growth rate of species in surrounding habitats.

Flat Rock Cellars (FRC) is not the only landscape in the area with acres of vineyards. Both Sue Ann Staff and Westcott are wineries that are less than a kilometre away from FRC. The wineries within the area work as a community to not only provide positive experiences, but also provide education about Ontario wines to their customers. In many cases the wineries will promote their neighbours as the next destination for their guest, or even share positive information about their neighbouring wineries. The Bruce Trail is also adjacent to the Flat Rock Cellars property, which influences the landscape. Hikers will stop by FRC to enjoy wine and the scenery as they pass by. This landscape is also relatively close to highway 81, which is one of the main roads connecting Beamsville, Vineland, Jordan and St.Catharines. Thus, travelers on this highway will often pass through FRC purely due to the fact they say the FRC signs on the highway.

Flat Rock Cellars:

• 2727 7th Avenue Jordan Ontario L0R1S0
• 905-562-8994
• info@flatrockcellars.com

Ed Madronich - President of Flat Rock Cellars | Marketing and Media Inquires
edward@flatrockcellars.com

Jacob Glantz - Sales
jacob@flatrockcellars.com

Tracey De Loryn - Liscensee Orders
customerservice@flatrockcellars.com

Marli Hadden - Tours and Special Events
marli@flatrockcellars.com

About Flat Rock Cellars. (n.d). Flat Rock Cellars. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://flatrockcellars.com/pages/winery/about-fla…

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Crins, W.J., Gray, P.A., Uhlig, P. W.C., Wester, M. C. (2009). The Ecosystems of Ontario, Part 1: Ecozones and Ecoregions. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 50-52 https://files.ontario.ca/mnrf-ecosystemspart1-accessible-july2018-en-2020-01-16.pdf

Doityourself Staff. (2010, November 9). Are gravel driveways more eco friendly than other driveways? Do it yourself. https://www.doityourself.com/stry/are-gravel-driveways-more-eco-friendly-than-other-driveways#

Flat Rock Cellars. (n.d.a). Background information [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://flatrockcellars.com/uploads/download/file/...

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Hough, M. (2004). Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. London: Routledge, 2004. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed 2020-09-08).

Gomiero, T., Pimentel, D., Maurizio, G. (2011). Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 30(1-2), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2011.554355

Grimm, I.J., Alcantara, L.C.S., Sampaio, C.A.C. (2018). Tourism under climate change scenarios: impacts, possibilities, and challenges. Revista Brasileira de pesquisa em turismo, 12(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v12i3.1354

Haynes, S. J. (1999). Geology and Wine 1. Concept of Terroir and the Role of Geology. Geoscience Canada, 26(4), 190-193 https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/v…

Lincoln Public Library. (2010). A brief history of the town of lincoln. Lincoln Public Library. https://web.archive.org/web/20110309030014/http://www.lincoln.library.on.ca/local_history/townhistory.htm

Matheson, L. (2008). The grape debate: Adapting to climate change in the Niagara grape and wine industry. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Meyer, P. A., & Eyles, C. H. (2007). Nature and origin of sediments infilling poorly defined buried bedrock valleys adjacent to the Niagara Escarpment, southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44(1), 89+. https://link-gale-com.proxy.library.brocku.ca/apps... =CPI&xid=46de9c81

Niagara Falls Canada. (2020). Tourism Research. https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/info/media/tourism-research/#:~:text=our%20industry%20partners.-,Highlights,approximately%2012%20million%20visitors%20yearly

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Ontario Biodiversity Council. (2015). Ontario's Ecozones. State of Ontario's Biodiversity. https://sobr.ca/ontarios-ecozones/

Ontario Wine Appellation Authory. (n.d). Diagrams and Technical Information for the Niagara Peninsula [PDF file]. Retrieved from file:///home/chronos/u-7fd55c9d040dbb283b1bc4407212b2157342096e/MyFiles/Downlo ads/NiagaraPeninsulaTechnicalInformation%20(2).pdf

Penney, J. (2012). Adapting to climate change: Challenges for Niagara. https://www.niagararegion.ca/government/planning/pdf/climatechangerport.pdf

Reeves, D.W. (1994) Cover Crops and Rotations. In: Hatfield, J.L. and Stewart, B.A., Eds., Crops Residue Management. Advances in Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 125-172. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.605.1898&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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Straw A. (1968). Late Pleistocene Glacial Erosion Along the Niagara Escarpment of Southern Ontario. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79(7), 889–. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[889:LPGEAT]2.0.CO;2

Sue. (1999). Louth Township of Lincoln County Ontario Canada. Farmers' Directories - 1891. http://sites.rootsweb.com/~forontario/louth1.htm

Tablas creek. (2010, May 26). Why limestone matters for grapegrowing. Tablas Creek Vineyards. https://tablascreek.typepad.com/tablas/2010/05/why...

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Urska. (2016, November 23). Cover cropping: Alternative to herbicide use in the vineyard. eVineyard. http://www.evineyardapp.com/blog/2016/11/23/cover-cropping-alternative-to-herbicide-use-in-the-vineyard/#:~:text=In%20viticulture%2C%20cover%20cropping%20refers,the%20management%20of%20the%20vineyard.&text=Cover%20crops%20have%20been%20grown,between%20the%20rows%20of%20vines.

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Willwerth, J.J., Reynolds, A.G., & Lesschaeve, I. (2015). Sensory Analysis of Riesling Wines from Different Sub-Appellations in the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario. The American Society for Enology and Viticulture, 66(3), 279-293. doi: 10.5344/ajev.2015.14081

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Figures:

Figure 1: Straw, A. (1968). Ice Movements During Glaciation. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[889:LPGEAT]2.0.CO;2 (Accessed 10 October 2020).

Figure 2: Wellowner. (n.d). Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Available at: https://wellowner.org/geothermal-heat-pumps/. (Accessed 15 October 2020).

Maps:

Map 1: Google (n.d.). [Flat Rock Cellars location]. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Flat+Rock+Cellars...

Map 2: McGill University. (2001). [Waterway on Concession 6, Lot 17 in 1876 Township of Louth Map]. Retrieved October 17, 2020, from https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/lin-...

Map 3: Google. (n.d). [Flat Rock Cellars 2020 location screenshot]. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Flat+Rock+Cellars...

Map 4: Goolge. (n.d). [Sue-Ann Staff Estates location]. Retrieved November 3, 2020, from https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Sue-Ann+Staff+Est...

Map 5: Mcgill University. (2001). [Ownership of Concession 6, Lot 17 in 1876]. Retrieved October 17, 2020, from https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/lin-...

Map 6: Ontario Historical County Maps Project. (n.d). [Ownership of Concession 6, Lot 17 in 1862]. Retrieved October 17, 2020 from https://maps.library.utoronto.ca/hgis/countymaps/l...

Images:

Image 1: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Toronto Skyline [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 2: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Green Roof Patio [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 3: Christensen, J. (8 October 2020). Virginia Creeper Vines [Photograph]. Gardening Channel. https://www.gardeningchannel.com/growing-virginia-creeper-vine/.

Image 4: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Native Species[Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 5: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Vitis Vinifera [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 6a: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Cover Crops grasses [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 6b: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Cover Crops [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 7: Erin. (9 August 2010). Biota at Cellar Doors [Photograph]. Blog Spot. http://feelscript.blogspot.com/2010/08/flat-rock-c...

Image 8: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Flat Rock Cellars Pond [Photograph].(Author's own private collection).

Image 9: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Limestone pathway at front of property [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 10: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Limestone pathway at back of property [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 11: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Cephalopod Fossil [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 12: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Winery and Retail space [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection)

Image 13: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Vineyard damaged by icestorm [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 14: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Nadja's Vineyard Riesling [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 15: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Rusty Shed [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 16: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Flat Rock Cellars Pond [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 17: Lang, H. (8 October 2020). Trails at Flat Rock Cellars [Photograph]. (Author's own private collection).

Image 18: Flat Rock Cellars (9 July 2020). Vineyards Walks [Photograph]. Flat Rock Cellars Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/FlatRockCellars/photos/a....

Image 19: Flat Rock Cellars. (28 July 2020). Yoga in the Vineyard [Photograph]. Flat Rock Cellars Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/FlatRockCellars/photos/a....

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Haley Lang for the Brock University course GEOG 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 07, 2020.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.