Cherry Hill Gate Trail is one of many nature paths within the Royal Botanical Gardens, which resides in the Hamilton and Burlington regions. This trail, in particular, is located closer towards the Burlington side, addressed as Grindstone Marshes Trail, L7T 1H1, on the south side of the Hendrie Valley Sanctuary. The Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG's) 900 hectares of nature sanctuaries feature an astounding 27+ km of paths and trails to embark upon, with two canoe launch sites engulfing the western end of Lake Ontario (On the Trails, 2019). Cherry Hill, amongst the 3 other main trailheads is home to on average 9 amphibian, 14 reptile, 37 mammal, 68 Lake Ontario fish, and 750 native plant species, as well as 277 types of migratory birds (On the Trails, 2019). This plethora of wildlife contributes to the surrounding international borders' ecosystems, particularly the lands within the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO).
For some historical context, a Scottish immigrant by the name of William Hendrie, had purchased this land in the 1870's. Many years later, his son had donated this property to Hamilton Parks board after his father's passing. Exactly ten years later, this property was incorporated into what we know today as the RBG (Hendrie Valley Trails, 2020). In connection to the changes that have occurred over time, it is important to note that during the initiation of Project Paradise in 1990, carp had destroyed the entirety of the marshland complex, leaving behind depthless muddy ponds. As a result of that, artificially constructed riverbanks and carp barriers had been built to restrict these issues, in turn giving the marshland a fighting chance for nature to restore the area (Hendrie Valley Trails, 2020). With that being said, we can come to the conclusion that this local landscape is extremely human dominated, though in this case, it is not particularly in a negative manner. The ecosystem properties are regulated by the RBG's Act and supporting bylaws, which work extremely hard to protect and support every living organism on this site, allowing them to excel with ease.
Municipality: Burlington, ON / Hamilton, ON
Local area name: Hendrie Valley Sanctuary
Other identifying names or descriptions: Cherry Hill
Longitude and Latitude: 43.3899°N, 79.8763°W
Physical Dimensions:
Length: 27km
Width: 4km
Surface Area: 1100 hectares, 2700 acres
Elevation:
Highest Point: 113m
Lowest Point: 89m
(Information Retrieved from Google Earth, 2021)
Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG) is the largest botanical garden in Canada, a National Historic Site, and registered charitable organization with a mandate to bring together people, plants and nature. It is headquartered in Burlington owning extensive environmental protection areas and cultural gardens lands in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the major tourist attractions between Niagara Falls and Toronto and a significant local and regional horticultural, education, conservation, and scientific resource. The mandate is derived by the provincial Act of 1941 centred on human interaction with the natural world and the protection of environmentally significant lands that form the western tip of Lake Ontario (RBG National Historic Site of Canada, 2021).
The RBG's 900 hectares of nature sanctuaries feature an astounding 27+ km of paths and trails to embark upon, with two canoe launch sites engulfing the western end of Lake Ontario (On the Trails, 2019). This trail, in particular, is located closer towards the Burlington side, addressed as Grindstone Marshes Trail, on the south side of the Hendrie Valley Sanctuary. Long-standing RBG trails on the Niagara Escarpment at Rock Chapel are part of the original founders of the Bruce Trail. In 2010, RBG partnered with Geotrail to bring its trail network to the internet through an interactive website (Hendrie Valley Trails, 2020).
Map 1: Cherry Hill, part of the Royal Botanical Gardens, is located closer towards the Burlington side, addressed as Grindstone Marshes Trail, L7T 1H1, on the south side of the Hendrie Valley Sanctuary.
a) BIOTA:
Cherry Hill, amongst the 3 other main trailheads is home to on average 9 amphibian, 14 reptile, 37 mammal, 68 Lake Ontario fish, and 750 native plant species, as well as 277 types of migratory birds. This plethora of wildlife contributes to the surrounding international borders' ecosystems, particularly the lands within the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO).
Multiple national historic site features are associated with the area, with the site featuring prominently as a landing and connection point to other regions of the Great Lakes. It is considered an important plant biodiversity hotspot for Canada, with a very high proportion of the wild plants of Canada in one area; is an Important Bird Area according to Bird Studies Canada; and is part of the Niagara Escarpment World Biosphere Reserve (RBG National Historic Site of Canada, 2021). More than 1,100 species of plants grow within its boundaries including the Bashful Bulrush (Trichophorum planifolium) which is found nowhere else in Canada, and the largest remaining population of one of Canada's most endangered trees, the Red Mulberry (Morus rubra). Under the Species at Risk Act, both plants are listed as Endangered in Canada (RBG National Historic Site of Canada, 2021). In 2008, the RBG was designated as an Important Amphibian and Reptile Area by CARCNET, the Canadian Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Network. Several plants listed on various Endangered Species Protection programs are held for protection and education purposes in various garden areas.
In connection to the changes that have occurred over time, it is important to note that during the initiation of Project Paradise in 1990, carp had destroyed the entirety of the marshland complex, leaving behind depthless muddy ponds. As a result, artificially constructed riverbanks and carp barriers had been built to restrict these issues, giving the marshland a fighting chance for nature to restore the area. The long-term goal is to create the underlying conditions for ecosystem recovery, while in the short term it is to manage the non-native carp that dominated and destroyed the wetlands (RBG Wetland Restoration, 2021). Ultimate sustainability is based on returning water quality and water cycles to conditions reflective of conditions naturally occurring in Ontario. With the degraded conditions, carp (Cyprinus carpio) had reached 800kg/hectare densities, with a decline of marsh habitat beginning at densities over 20kg/hectare (RBG Wetland Restoration, 2021). Key restoration species are cattails (Typha sp.), white water lily (Nymphaea sp.) wild rice (Zizania sp.), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) The critical plans for recovering these are the watershed plans of Halton, and Hamilton Conservation Authorities, the City of Hamilton Stormwater and Wastewater MasterPlans, and the St Lawrence Board of Control Water Level Regulation Plan (RBG Wetland Restoration, 2021).
b) GERMOPHOLOGY:
With a forward-thinking approach, the RBG is responding to the effects of climate change and the expectations of our visitors. They built the Rose Garden, together with beautiful companion plants, as a healthy eco-system garden. Under these beneficial plant pairings is a trickle irrigation system that allows the roses and their companions to build a deeper root system (The Importance of Rose Evaluations, 2020). Combined with levelled mulching, deep roots rely on rain instead of regular watering, further building an eco-friendly approach. This plant pairing and advanced irrigation system are combined with well-planted soil chemistry, creating a resilient and sustainable garden. A garden focused on healthy soil working together to attract beneficial insects and ward off the threat of invasive pests. With this thoughtful approach, beauty and sustainability are interwoven, a holistic approach that builds a healthy ecosystem within the garden (The Importance of Rose Evaluations, 2020).
According to the Royal Botanical Gardens official website, with these numerical goals in place, any rose that scores five or below should be considered as a candidate for replacement with another rose cultivar known to have superior black spot resistance. Replacement of inferior cultivars has several advantages for the garden in general including:
(The Importance of Rose Evaluations, 2020)
c) HYDROGEOLOGY
The answer to the question "What is in the water?" is an ever-changing array of things. That said, the most visible for the spring of 2021 will be decaying blobs of green algae. Shallower water in Lake Ontario is changing up the nature of algae growth as we move into warmer weather. Driving this growth is the fact that Cootes Paradise Marsh is extremely overfertilized, and as a result, the ecology and plant community are out of balance, with the most successful plant group being algae species (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021). Remediating the sources of this excessive supply of nutrients has been a primary goal of the Hamilton Harbour Remedial Action Plan and each area resident has a role to play to keep "plant food" out of the system, as right now, things are too enriched - the scientific term for water in this condition is hypereutrophic (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021).
Cootes Paradise is a large marsh with areas of clean water and areas that are challenged by human pressure. The most challenged areas are the bay at the mouth of Chedoke Creek (Princess Point Bay) and, secondarily, the very west end in West Pond, downstream of the Dundas Wastewater Plant. Nutrient supplies in these areas are several times what the natural balance can withstand (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021). Waters from West Pond then flow downstream through much of Cootes Paradise before exiting to Burlington Bay. In contrast, the waters in the southwest interior bay of the marsh and associated floodplain ponds are quite clean and clear.
The research conducted from the official Royal Botanical Gardens site states that phosphorus is the nutrient that drives plant growth. In nature, it is a rare element, and it is now used quite sparingly in agricultural practices, so its main sources are sewer overflows, parking lot runoff, sewer cross-connections (where a toilet is hooked into an overflow drain), and even treated sewage, which is periodically deposited in substantial amounts (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021).
Additionally, water depth and temperature in nutrient-enriched water affect which groups of algae grow. This past year, below-average water levels have changed up the algae species to those that grow on the bottom. Virtually all of Cootes Paradise is currently less than 60 cm (2') deep (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021). This means sunlight can now penetrate through the water column and the population of suspended single-cell microscopic algae (phytoplankton) and reach all the way to the bottom. The algae overgrowth smothers the other plants (e.g., pondweeds and waterlilies) and as they decay, they become a source of new nutrients that fuel the growth of the dominant algae species. The shallower water is also easily warmed, which accelerates this process. In deeper water, the sunlight can't fully penetrate the water column's single-celled algae (What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh, 2021). In this particular scenario, the algae grow so dense that it gives the water a deep colour and shades the bottom comparable to 'pea soup'.
d) CLIMATE / MICROCLIMATE
The entire Greater Golden Horseshoe region is being affected by a combination of climate change and population growth. It is now commonly accepted that current climatic changes and extreme weather impacts are just the beginning. The Greenbelt Foundation partnered with experts to better understand how climate change affects many aspects of our lives and how we can individually and collectively respond to these challenges (Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2021).
Climate change is already altering precipitation patterns. As we continue to move forward, summers will be drier, and winters likely wetter overall, but more intense storms are definitely in the forecast. During torrential downpours, water runs off hard surfaces and overwhelms storm sewers to the point that they back up into sanitary sewers (Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2021). As a result, raw sewage sometimes ends up in local waterways and lakes, as well as unfortunately the basements of homes. Creating space on your property for water to infiltrate into the soil helps to relieve the burden on these overloaded sewers.
The 2021 Royal Botanical Gardens article Gardening in a Changing Climate presents the need for the RBG to take a leadership role on climate action became all the more clear following extreme weather events in the spring of 2017. Historic levels of rainfall led to significant flooding and resulted in drowned young marsh plantings, shorelines littered with sewage and garbage washed in from overburdened storm sewers, and the forced closure of some RBG facilities due to flooded roads and trails (Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2021). The conditions got so poor that the staff even had to boat to work at the Cootes Paradise Fishway, a carp barrier that was almost underwater itself. This year, Lake Ontario water levels hit the highest point in recorded history at 76.03 metres above sea level, topping the previous record of 75.93 metres set in 2017 (Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2021). Flooding once again affected RBG, requiring the closure of several parking lots and trails, and annual repair costs that won't be going away any time soon.
To further prevent issues like those stated above, the RBG has developed a Climate Change Resiliency Plan based on localized climate change model data. Recognizing that climate change is here to stay, RBG is focusing on actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to slow down the worst impacts, while also making operational changes to adapt to the realities of a warmer planet and the more intense weather that brings. And they're educating people about actions we can take, even by something as simple as changing the way we all garden.
For some historical context, for nearly 80 years Royal Botanical Gardens has been an ecological jewel at the western tip of Lake Ontario. Conceived and founded through the tireless efforts of early conservationist Thomas Baker McQuesten, RBG lands were set aside to create the region's first botanical garden. Royal Botanical Gardens was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1994. Specifying on Cherry Hill's history, a Scottish immigrant by the name of William Hendrie had purchased this land in the 1870s. His son had donated this property to the Hamilton Parks board many years later after his father's passing. Exactly ten years later, this property was incorporated into what we know today as the Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG History, 2021).
Not only that, but the Royal Botanical Gardens acknowledges the long history of First Nations and Métis People in the Province of Ontario and pays respect to the Six Nations of the Grand River Territory and the Mississauga's of the Credit First Nation, the holder of the Treaty with the Crown for these lands. The land we steward is within the traditional territories of the Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabe, and Huron-Wendat Nations (RBG History, 2021).
History of RBG Timeline
1917: The beginning of Royal Botanical Gardens goes back even further, to 1917 when the City of Hamilton, in search of improvement projects to beautify the city, identified Burlington Heights as a grand entranceway.
1924: Thomas Baker McQuesten, politician, lawyer and Chair of the city's Park Management Board, imagines a botanical garden of national significance for Hamilton.
1927: The City of Hamilton buys 377 acres for a botanical garden and to preserve Cootes Paradise; the Whole area declared "Dundas Marsh Crown Game Preserve".
1928: The City proceeds with the grand entrance project and holds a design competition. Architect Carl Borgstrom is chosen to transform 55 acres and an abandoned gravel pit into a landscape of display gardens. This is the first step in building the botanical garden.
1930: King George V approves the name "Royal" for Hamilton's planned botanical garden and by 1932 the abandoned gravel pit is transformed into the magnificent Rock Garden, later considered by many the Gardens' "birthplace".
1932: A sweeping Memorial Garden landscape including the Rock Garden is opened to the public; McQuesten creates blue-ribbon panel to develop the concept for Royal Botanical Gardens.
1941: Nearly a decade later, in 1941, the Province of Ontario separates the land from the City of Hamilton and makes it a not-for-profit organization. The RBG is born.
1946: Dr. Norman Radforth is appointed as the Gardens' first director.
1947: First education, library and other programs are launched. Women's Committee, later known as the Auxiliary is founded.
1950: The Arboretum is developed as 70 acres of open land with nature trails. First Lilac and other major gardens were created.
1953: Hendrie Gates are erected as a monument to the family donation of land.
1957: Royal Botanical Gardens' Coat of Arms is granted by England's College of Heralds.
1958: RBG Headquarters, now the core of RBG Centre, is completed.
1965: Hendrie Park Gardens and Rose Garden are built.
1967: As Canada celebrates 100 years of confederation, RBG opens the Centennial Rose Garden in Hendrie Park, an iconic meeting place for years to come. At the Arboretum, The Katie Osborne Lilac Collection, now the most diverse in the world, is built.
1970: By the 1970s conservation efforts are in full swing with major cleanup projects beginning in Cootes Paradise Marsh,, an ongoing challenge that remains one of RBG's key initiatives to this day.
1971: New logo concepts submitted by students of Mohawk College, Commercial Arts Programme.
1977: The bird and leaf logo was launched and used as RBG's official brand.
1980: The construction of RBG's first indoor garden is complete with the creation of the Mediterranean Garden, along with supplementary teaching spaces at RBG Centre.
1994: In 1994, Royal Botanical Gardens was named a National Historic Site of Canada and becomes part of the Niagara Escarpment UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve.
1997: Measures against the invasive common carp take great leaps with the construction of the Cootes Paradise Fishway, a part of the Project Paradise campaign to support habitat restoration.
2000's: A new century brings new projects including the building of the new Helen M. Kippax Garden and the Gold Leed-certified Camilla and Peter Dalglish Atrium. The Atrium has become home to many of the Gardens' major exhibitions and events and includes among its many green features, two breathing walls to improve indoor air quality. RBG, together with several partners, forms the Cootes to Escarpment EcoPark System, a park alliance dedicated to preserving the last remaining ecological corridor between the Niagara Escarpment and any major wetland on the shore of Lake Ontario.
2015: The single biggest capital project in RBG history is completed with the rejuvenation of the historic Rock Garden, renamed David Braley and Nancy Gordon Rock Garden for local community champions and philanthropists.
2017: RBG continues its mission in sustainable, forward-thinking horticulture with the opening of the new Rose Garden. The new garden uses hardy rose varieties, together with beautiful companion plants, creating a healthy eco-system garden with extended blooms.
2019: A new 25-year Master Planning project begins, aimed to position RBG as Canada's leading environmental centre with world-class gardens, natural areas, programs, services and facilities that powerfully influence positive change in the way people interact with our planet.
2020: The 25-year Master Plan is completed. The long-term policy document will identify short-term capital projects to be addressed in the next five years as well as longer-term projects for the next 25 years. The completion of the Master Plan allows RBG to bring its new storyline to life, develop a new brand identity and connect new audiences to the Gardens. Included in this new identity is the new Royal Botanical Gardens logo.
The logo represents the different parts of RBG's mission brought together in one image, it takes its basic structure from the 1957 Coat of Arms but is represented in a simpler form. This new brand will guide Royal Botanical Gardens through the next decade and beyond. It is time for RBG to realize our full potential, to dream big and to build on our successes in education, science, conservation and horticulture - to take full advantage of our resources, knowledge and reputation and move the world toward actively caring for our planet.
All dates and important events were retrieved from and credited to (RBG History, 2021).
Education / Interpretation:
RBG hosts events year-round, from blooms festivals to performing arts, to holiday celebrations, and more! The gardens and trails are ever-changing, and so are the activities, events, and programming so that you can stay connected with nature all year long. Each season offers a cornucopia of fresh new ingredients that grace our kitchens and with two restaurants and a teahouse on-site, Royal Botanical Gardens is your destination for dishes inspired by fresh, seasonal ingredients. With unique culinary events infused with music, arts, and culture. Culinary experiences at RBG embrace sustainable choices and choice ingredients, many of them straight from our gardens to your plate (RBG Tourism Hamilton, 2020).
For example, in the autumn months, you can enjoy late Roses and companion plants in Hendrie Park, autumn perennials at Rock Garden, and stunning hues in trees throughout the garden areas and on the trails. Learn and grow in the gardens by registering for educational programs! From yoga and gardening courses to programs for kids and families, there are exciting learning opportunities for everyone (Royal Botanical Gardens Home, 2021).
Architectural Heritage:
The Royal Botanical Gardens information sites list the key elements that contribute to the heritage value of the Royal Botanical Gardens include. These characteristics include: its layout, reflecting a 20th-century approach to botanical gardens, and consisting of a series of discrete gardens set within the network of the parkway; its horticultural collections; the classification and labelling of collections; the Rock Garden, including its winding paths, steps, ledges, crevices, pools, flower beds and living collections; the Laking Garden, including its informal beds of herbaceous perennials; and its major collections of irises and other perennials; the Teaching Garden; the Arboretum, including the arrangement of trees along avenues radiating from the central parking circle and important collections of hedges, shrubs, weeping trees, Dogwood, rhododendron and azalea, conifers, native plants, hawthorn, forsythia, crab-apple, beech, and lilacs; the Katie Osborne Lilac Collection; Hendrie Park, including its geometric layout along a principal axis, major gardens such as the Centennial Rose Garden, the Medicinal Garden, the World of Botany, and the Morrison Woodland Garden, as well as garden structures such as a fountain court, a tea house, the Turner Pavilion, rose arbours, and plant collections such as the climbing plant collection; its conservation area, consisting of more than 800 hectares of marsh, shallow lake, woodland, meadow, escarpment face, and agricultural land; the interpretive centre, including its greenhouses and indoor gardens such as the Mediterranean Garden (RBG Tourism Hamilton, 2020).
Recreational Uses:
The Arboretum contains one of the world's most diverse lilac collections, the Katie Osborne Lilac Collection. The "Lilac Dell" contains 570 plants of 407 unique varieties and is one of RBG's biggest attractions in late May (Royal Botanical Gardens Home, 2021). Royal Botanical Gardens also holds the second-largest garden show in Canada called The Ontario Garden Show. It comes second only to Canada Blooms which is held in Toronto. Innovative educational programs are operated from both RBG's main building in Burlington and the Nature Interpretive Centre, located in the Arboretum to the north of Cootes Paradise in Hamilton. More than 18,000 school children per year visit the organized school programs, and over 200 public education offerings include such diverse topics as botanical illustration, organic cooking, and basic botany. Aldershot School offers an ECO Studies program in conjunction with the RBG (Royal Botanical Gardens Home, 2021).
Ownership, jurisdiction, access, and management
This local landscape is extremely human-dominated, though in this case, it is not particularly in a negative manner. The ecosystem properties are regulated by the RBG's Act and supporting bylaws, which work extremely hard to protect and support every living organism on this site, allowing them to excel with ease. In a broader sense, the Royal Botanical Gardens is a part of the Niagara Escarpment UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, RBG plays a vital role in this region, protecting and preserving 2,700 acres of environmentally sensitive areas (including 2,400 acres of nature sanctuaries, 300 acres cultivated gardens and an arboretum), to improve the ecosystem from Lake Ontario to the Niagara Escarpment; ensuring a balanced relationship between people and nature, and, connecting natural spaces where wildlife can thrive (RBG Sustainability, 2021).
Funding for the institution was initially provided largely by the City of Hamilton and then in the 1940s by the Province of Ontario. By the early 1980s, funding restrictions and the desire to become increasingly self-supported led to the charging of an admission fee for the cultivated garden areas (Royal Botanical Gardens Home, 2021). Admission is free to members as well as the extensive system of nature trails, more than 20km in length, has remained accessible free of charge (On the Trails, 2019). As of 2006, approximately 40% of the RBG's annual budget comes from support from the Province of Ontario, the City of Hamilton and the Region of Halton. The remainder, 60%, is classed as 'self-generated revenue' and is raised annually from admissions, memberships, donations, summer camps, and fees-for-service. Additionally, An organized volunteer group of more than 300 members called the RBG Auxiliary supports the efforts of the RBG. Annually, the Auxiliary raises tens of thousands of dollars and donates tens of thousands of hours in such roles as tour guides, staffing the RBG Library and RBG Archives, and some gardening (RBG Sustainability, 2021).
In the face of devastating environmental threats worldwide, RBG is more relevant now than ever before. It's established and evolving environmental programs provide straightforward, workable solutions designed to maintain sustainable biodiversity in Canada, for the world. Royal Botanical Gardens is also a member of the American Public Gardens Association and Botanic Gardens Conservation International which are groups that are active in local, regional, national, and international efforts to conserve plant diversity and ensure its sustainable use (RBG Sustainability, 2021). To understand their environmental impact, the RBG also tracks their greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption and waste diversion. Putting this sustainability into perspective with some statistics, in 2019 54% of waste was diverted from landfills, there was a water consumption reduction of 16%, and there was an estimated avoided waste cost using monitoring equipment of 3.7 thousand dollars (RBG Sustainability, 2021). They firmly believe that you can't manage what you don't measure, and these metrics help them better understand the impact of their operations. They also share this data with the public to be as transparent as possible with their efforts and progress. Finally, the RBG has committed to a ten-year plan to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% as of 2017 (RBG Sustainability, 2021). This target was selected as part of Hamilton and Burlington's "Sustainable Business Initiative" in 2018 (now known as Sustainability Leadership). As part of the calculation of their GHG emissions, they take into consideration the energy used to heat and power their facilities, the fuel used to operate their vehicles, tools and equipment, as well as their employee business travel.
All numbers and statistics are retrieved from (RBG Sustainability, 2021).
RBG Board of directors
All important names and titles are retrieved and credited to (Governance at the Gardens, 2021).
Or contact the RBG facilities directly...
Phone: 905-527-1158
In person: 680 Plains Road West, Burlington, ON Canada. L7T 4H4.
Administration hours are weekdays, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Individual department hours vary.
Mailing address: P.O. Box 399, Hamilton, ON Canada. L8N 3H8.
References
6 Reasons to Visit Royal Botanical Gardens. (2020, February 26). Retrieved from
https://tourismhamilton.com/6-reasons-to-visit-royal-botanical-gardens
Gardening in a Changing Climate. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.greenbelt.ca/gardening_in_a_changing_climate
Governance at the Gardens. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/about-us/governance-at-the-gardens/
Hendrie Valley Trails. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/by-attraction/trails/trail-maps/hendrie-valley-trails/
Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rbg.ca/
The Importance of Rose Evaluations. (2020, August 25). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/the-importance-of-rose-evaluations/
Johnnyspade. (2019, December 03). Royal Botanical Gardens. Retrieved from
https://greeneconomy.ca/purpose-study/royal-botanical-gardens/
On the Trails - Burlington & Hamilton. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/by-attraction/trails/#trailfaq
Royal Botanical Gardens National Historic Site of Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=792
What's in the Water at Cootes Paradise Marsh. (2021, May 17). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/whats-in-the-water-at-cootes-paradise-marsh/
Maps
Cootes Paradise Trails. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/by-attraction/trails/trail-maps/cootes-paradise-trails/
Google Maps street view. (2007). Retrieved from
Google Maps street view. (2021). Retrieved from
Google Maps Royal Botanical Gardens (2021). Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.ca/maps/place/RoyalBotanicalGardens/@43.2899111,-79.8784468,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x882c9cf636209a13:0xc735e07b688aa88b!8m2!3d43.2899072!4d-79.8762581
Images
Image 1: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 2: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 3: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 4: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 5: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 6: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 7: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 8: Rose Garden Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/by-experience/whats-in-bloom/rose-garden/
Image 9: Staff, D. T. (2018, March 29). News. Retrieved from
https://dailyhive.com/toronto/toronto-new-rose-garden-summer-2018
Image 10: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 11: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 12: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 13: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 14: Arboretum. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/by-attraction/arboretum/
Image 15: Winter Lights at the Rock Garden. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/things-to-do/by-season/special-events/winter-lights/
Image 16: Gardens & Trails. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.rbg.ca/gardens-trails/
Image 17: By. (2020, August 05). The Royal Botanical Gardens on a Summer's Day. Retrieved from
https://www.gonewiththefamily.com/2014/08/royal-botanical-gardens-summer.html
Image 18: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 19: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 20: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 21: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 22: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 23: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 24: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 25: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 26: Boudrahem, H. (2021, September 11). Cherry Hill, RBG, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Image 27: Royal Botanical Gardens. (2020, December 22). Retrieved from
https://nature.mcmaster.ca/organization/royal-botanical-gardens/
This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Hanna Boudrahem for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 10, 2021.
All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.
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