This landscape report deals with three levels of analysis: The Glendale Avenue Pedestrian Bridge, the locality around the bridge, and 12 mile creek's watershed. The Glendale Avenue pedestrian bridge over 12 Mile Creek is one of a number of crossings in St. Catharines that allow folk to move back and forth across 12 Mile Creek by foot. It also acts as a linkage between the communities of Riverview and Glenridge on the East side of the creek with Western Hill and Power Glen on the West side. Visible from the pedestrian bridge is not only the creek itself and surrounding wildlife, but also the larger bridge just to the south of it (part of Glendale Avenue) which supports motorized transportation along the road as well as walking on the side. The pedestrian bridge and its surroundings are used for recreational activities such as hiking, fishing, and even swimming despite boating and swimming both being not recommended by Ontario Power Generation.

12 Mile Creek is not isolated to St. Catharines alone, but rather flows southward from its headwaters in the Font Hill Kame-Delta. The Font Hill Kame was created around 12,000 years ago by the depositing of sediments ( in particular gravel and sand) by melting glaciers and flooding, and is the highest point in the whole Niagara region. The melting glaciers left behind enough water to create many waterways, which cut through the sand and gravel and flowed downwards, thereby forming Twelve Mile Creek.

The part of the escarpment 12 Mile Creek and its tributaries flow through is also dominated by a geological feature known as the Haldimand Clay Plain, the clay in question is a deposit of glaciers from the last ice age. North of the escarpment up until Lake Ontario is made of the geological feature called the Iroquois plain. The composition of the Iroquois plain, having been a part of Lake Iroquois until around 10,000 years ago, is largely clay, sand, and silt, overlying the Halton till, which is made of a mixture of stone and silty-clay. More sand-based sediments and sandy-loams are found closer to the shore of Lake Ontario.

The North-facing slope of the Niagara escarpment that 12 mile creek flows down through is strewn with dolomite limestone that could not be eroded by the glaciers of the last ice age. This stone exists as a visible part of the modern day escarpment slope, with large boulders of limestone dolomite littering the landscape.

Along with climate factors produced by the nearby great lake interacting with the landscape's slope and elevation, the soil found in the Iroquois plain is considered good for the growing of grapes, hence why vineyards are found in abundance in rural Niagara north of the escarpment.

The vast majority of stone in the Niagara Region originate in the Paleozoic Era, from the Upper Ordovician to the Middle Devonian, which lies overtop even older stone from the Precambrian formed over 500 million years ago.

The fossils of shells shown in the photo above are likely from the Silurian period, in which mollusc organisms lived in a warm, shallow sea, where their shells were fossilized in the sea's mud. This fossilization process resulted in the imprints left behind by these mollusc organisms hardening into limestone.

Erosion is visible along the trails near the banks of Twelve Mile Creek, where water that has not yet seeped into the ground nor entered the creek can be seen to have created grooves by displacing sediments exposed above ground.

Tributaries of 12 Mile Creek include Richardson, Francis, Dick's, and Grapeview creeks.

Dick's creek can still be found in Canal Valley, which is bounded on both sides by Merritt trail. While Dick's Creek naturally enters Twelve Mile Creek where today highway 406 meets Twelve Mile Creek, much of Dick's creek flows underground before entering Twelve Mile Creek since its lower portions were covered up to make way for road construction in 1955. Until the second Welland Canal fell into disuse, Dick's Creek was an important part of the route ships took from lake Erie to lake Ontario within the Welland Canal.

Francis and Grapeview are mainly surrounded by suburban residential and agricultural land, on the West side of Twelve Mile Creek. Richardson creek is found even further West, with most of it flowing through farmland in Louth.

The tributaries that form the twelve mile creek watershed begin in the Fonthill kame-delta, an area believed to have been created through glaciers present at the end of the last ice age retreating Northward.

56 percent of the 12 Mile Creek watershed can be found in St. Catharines, 20 percent in Pelham, and 33 percent in Thorold. Approximately less than 1 percent of the watershed can be found in Lincoln Township.

Estimates suggest that the water flow entering the lower twelve mile creek would only be one to two percent of what it currently is without the effects brought about through the Decew Generating Station.

Upper 12 mile creek portion in St. Catharines actually met provincial guidelines for water quality, unlike the other portions of the 12 mile creek watershed that were assessed in 2012 by the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority. This area is much more forested than other parts of 12 Mile Creek, including its other headwaters, contributing to an overall less eroded and polluted state. This is because trees and other plant life absorb water that would not otherwise be absorbed as quickly without their presence. The factor of pollution is an important one, as much of the water quality in Twelve Mile Creek and its headwaters was assessed based on presence of phosphorus, e coli, and benthic organisms.

Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC), Ontario Power Generation (OPG), Niagara Restoration Council (NRC), St. Catharines Green Committee, Ontario Trillium Foundation, the Recreational Fisheries Conservation Partnership Program, and Land Care Niagara (LCN) are some of the organizations with interests in improving the water quality and habitat of the Twelve Mile Creek watershed, which includes modifications to farmland, streams, woodlands, and wetlands.

Image sources from left to right: Larsen, Kiran. "Decew Generating Station Gate." 5 November 2021.

Hughes, Alun. "Shades of Reynoldsville and Decew Town: A History of Power Glen and Vicinity." St. Catharines, 2008.

Photograph. Museum Chat. St. Catharines, October 15, 2018. Morningstar Mill. https://stcatharinesmuseumblog.com/2018/10/15/dece....

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Two features of considerable importance to the current makeup of the Lower Twelve Mile Creek are the Decew Power Generating Stations.

The first Decew Generating Station (built in 1897-1898) is the oldest continually running hydroelectric power station in Canada, and is located downhill from Lake Moodie along the riverbank of Twelve Mile Creek.

The station has a significant effect on Twelve Mile Creek as it can lower or increase the amount of water flowing from lake Gibson and Moodie into twelve mile creek depending on if the station has enough energy or not. Estimates suggest that the water flow entering the lower twelve mile creek would only be one to two percent of what it currently is without the effects brought about through the Decew Generating Station.

During World War Two demand for electricity grew. Because of this, Twelve Mile Creek was widened, its depth was increased, and its meanders were reduced artificially through the process of dredging. This was done so that the water that was discharged through the Decew Generating Stations' turbines could flow more directly down Twelve Mile Creek, and so that Twelve Mile Creek could carry more water when the generating stations needed to discharge more. This coincided with the construction of the second Decew Generating Station in 1943, which was built in order to power the war effort during WWII. Both Ontario Power Generation and the Regional Municipality of Niagara are responsible.

The reservoirs of lake Moodie and Gibson were created in 1908 by flooding the former Beaverdams creek. These reservoirs were created in order to fuel the power station's enlargement that took place in 1904. The reservoirs are one source for drinking water in St Catharines, and as such boat use is prohibited there.

There are four dams along Twelve Mile Creek that are run by Ontario Power Generation that were put in place to minimize erosion and control waterflow. These dams can be dangerous as they create a recirculating effect which can trap people against the downstream side of one of the dams, drowning them. Buoys have been put in place in certain sections of Twelve Mile Creek for the purpose of protecting boaters and swimmers in the vicinity.

There is also the Heywood generating station north of Martindale Pond in Port Dalhousie, which produces electricity using water current, much of which has already gone through the Decew stations.

Drinking water in bodies of water connected to Twelve Mile Creek may be negatively impacted by the lowering of water levels and reduction in precipitation accompanied by climate change, according to The Ontario Ministry of Environment and Conservation Ontario.

Source: Larsen Kiran, "Twelve Mile Creek (November 5, 2021)," Youtube video, 0:16, November 5, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdMdWqzjHo4

Twelve Mile Creek and its tributaries are part of the "Carolinian Zone," a highly fragmented yet ecologically diverse ecoregion found in Southern Ontario. Carolinian woodlands only make up about one percent of Canada, Short Hills Provincial Park being a "natural core area" of these woodlands. Short Hills hosts much of Twelve Mile Creek's headwaters, and is highly wooded compared to the Lower Twelve Mile Creek, making it an important site for the creek's wildlife and water intake.

Some of the bird species at risk that are known to live around Twelve Mile Creek and its headwaters include Acadian Flycatcher, Hood Warbler, and Louisiana Waterthrush. Very little suitable habitat is available for these species, as all of them prefer large wooded territories which are sparse in the Niagara Region.

Native plants at risk that grow surrounding Twelve Mile Creek include species such as White wood aster, deerberry, Eastern Flowering Dogwood. The last of which is largely due to Dogwood anthracnose disease.

The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority classifies all of Twelve Mile Creek as being critical habitat for fish, especially the coldwater system of the upper 12 Mile Creek. The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority also agrees that the damming of Twelve Mile Creek may have a negative effect on the mobility of fish living there. Coldwater streams are unique in that they stay cold all year (usually lower in temperature than 19 degrees Celsius) as they are fed through groundwater.

Brook trout are one such species of fish that depend on coldwater streams for their own survival. The numbers of brook trout alive have been decreasing, and as such conservation organizations like Trout Unlimited and the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority are both invested in protecting this species from further diminishing. Warming of Twelve Mile Creek and its headwaters through erosion and lower groundwater infiltration, as well as competition with non-native species are considered key problems for the further survival of Brook Trout in the area.

American eels are another species of fish at risk that lives in Twelve Mile Creek. The endangered American eel is born and dies in the Sargasso sea, south-west of Bermuda, but lives most of its life in 12 mile creek and its watershed. Dams, hydro-electric turbines, and certain invasive species are known factors in the current endangerment of American eels.

Conservation strategies recommended by IBA Canada include (in the Twelve Mile Creek area) continuing private landowner stewardship, expanding forest-interior conditions, starting land trusts for the purpose of conservation, working with the Niagara Regional government, the creation and promotion of publicly available material regarding species at risk, and the monitoring of species at risk.

Donating privately held lands surrounding 12 mile creek to relevant conservation authorities is also considered a means to protect species at risk in the area.

The following is a photo gallery of native species I photographed along Twelve Mile Creek near the Glendale Pedestrian Bridge.

The following is a photo gallery of non-invasive introduced species I photographed along Twelve Mile Creek near the Glendale Pedestrian Bridge.

The following is a photo gallery of invasive species I photographed along Twelve Mile Creek near the Glendale Pedestrian Bridge.

Native animal species common to the area include white-tailed deer, red-backed salamanders, red-tailed hawks, eastern chipmunks, grey squirrels, minnows, american robins, blue jays, juncos, and many others.

Up until the arrival of European settlers in the area following the American Revolution, the area surrounding Twelve Mile Creek and its tributaries was largely a mix of woodland and wetland. When these settlers came to Twelve Mile Creek, they began to clear the land for agricultural use, reducing the amount of habitat available for native species. Along with them, European settlers brought species of plants and animals from the old world, many of them making up what are now invasive and non-native species in and around Twelve Mile Creek (as can be seen in the two galleries above, most introduced species in the Twelve Mile Creek area come from Europe). Invasive species compete for resources with native species, thereby changing the structure of local ecosystems and making it more difficult for other native species who have adapted to the presence of certain other native species to survive.

As settlers continued to clear land and fragment natural spaces, species that depended on larger habitats than were made available to them by these settlers became extirpated. Examples of such species include Eastern Elk, Bobcat, Black Bear, and Fisher. Gray wolves in particular were hunted by European settlers because of their threat to farm animals.

Residential development has resulted in habitat loss, erosion, and decreased infiltration of water into the area's ground by dint of an increase of hard surfaces (such as roads, parking lots and driveways).

Woodlands like those that surround parts of 12 mile creek and its upper tributaries provide a cooling effect to the landscape, and allow for groundwater infiltration, unlike the urbanized and developed landscapes that have increasingly spread throughout the Niagara Region since the 20th century.

Another negative effect of man-made changes to Twelve Mile Creek's nature involves flooding. Naturally, Twelve Mile Creek's floodplain floods at least once every year, but with the changes made to the creek's structure, this no longer happens. This is a problem for organisms that have adapted to and depend on such flooding, like Willow Trees, Salamanders, and Frogs.

Being bordered by two great lakes has caused the Niagara region, in which 12 Mile Creek is found, to have a moderate climate quite suitable for the growing of tender fruit. This includes fruits such as peaches, pears, plums, cherries, and grapes, the last of which is a staple of Niagara produce. St. Catharines used to be dominated by farmland growing such fruit, but since the mid-1900s farmland has shrunk considerably, giving way to largely residential and business oriented development.

The average temperature in the area surrounding 12 Mile Creek in St Catharines ranges from its monthly coldest average in January at -3.3 degrees Celsius to its warmest monthly average in July at 22.7 degrees Celsius, making the area a cold temperate climate.

However, the average temperature in the region is rising. In the last forty years, the average temperature has risen by about 1.3 degrees Celsius, and is expected to rise by another 3 to 4 degrees Celsius by the 2050s.

These shifts in temperature have produced longer heatwaves, more days in the year without frost on average, more droughts, less snow in winter, more occurrences of heavy rain, and more freeze-thaw cycles. It is expected that these trends will increase, and with it less rain during the summer months.

In order to combat heat waves, St. Catharines has developed plans for increasing urban tree cover from around 17 percent as it is now to 30 percent by the year 2050. Boulevard strips and cul-de-sac circles, as lands owned by the city, are candidates for increasing St. Catharines's tree cover.

Climate change could have the potential effect of a reduced water table in Twelve Mile Creek, as the evaporation in the region increases while precipitation decreases. The change in water table and flow in Twelve Mile Creek and its headwaters is of some concern regarding species at risk that may not find conditions created by man made climate change as livable.

"With effects of climate change, Niagara's unique native Brook Trout habitat is experiencing excessive water flows in spring and drier summers."

- Dennis Edell, Trout Unlimited - Niagara Chapter Chair

More frequent outbreaks of type E botulism and the increase of certain aquatic invasive species are also possible effects of climate change that could negatively impact native species living in Twelve Mile Creek and its watershed.

(Quote source: ("Launching Healthy Twelve Mile Creek Pilot Program in Niagara Region." Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, May 8, 2019. https://npca.ca/newsroom/article/twelve-mile-creek....))

The earliest people in recorded history to have lived in the Niagara Region is the Neutral Nation, who largely lived in communal longhouse settlements supplied by a combination of farming, hunting, and gathering. One of these settlements existed where the suburb of Barbican heights does today, namely at the boundary of the cities of St. Catharines and Thorold at the edge of the Niagara escarpment. This settlement was abandoned sometime around the year 1645, less than ten years before the destruction of the Neutral Nation by the Haudenosaunee five nations confederacy during the Beaver wars.

The Haudenosaunee would go on to use the Niagara Region as hunting grounds, with their main settlements existing in what is today New York state, southern Quebec, and the north shore of lake Ontario.

In the 1690s, the Anishinaabe three fires confederacy composed of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawotami nations launched a number of successful offenses, pushing the Haudenosaunee back East across the Niagara river. The Anishinaabeg signed a peace treaty with the Haudenosaunee thereafter, allowing the Ojibwe nation to migrate southwards into what is today Southern Ontario. One sub-tribe of the Ojibwe, known as the Mississaugas settled along the Northern shore of lake Ontario, particularly along the rivers that fed into said lake. From this point until the last two decades of the 18th century, the Mississaugas that lived at the West end of lake Ontario used the Niagara Region as hunting grounds, naming Twelve Mile Creek "Ashquasing" in the Anishinaabe language, or "that which lies at the end" in English.

After having lost the American War of Independence, the British crown needed land to settle Loyalists who had fought on their side and to secure land the crown claimed to have won from the French. In 1784, the British Crown and Mississaugas living at the west end of lake Ontario signed the "Between the Purchase," in which the English text of the treaty stated that the chiefs of the Mississaugas and principle women of their nation had sold their lands between lake Ontario and Lake Erie, as well as other lands to the west, to the British crown for around 1,180 pounds. While the Mississaugas believed that the treaty was an agreement to share the land, in which the Mississaugas would still be able to hunt, the British crown began parceling out land to their settlers, many of which were loyalists from the newly born United States of America, including Butler's Rangers. This heavily disrupted the Mississaugas' lifestyle, as they were pushed off land that had been privatized, no longer able to gather and hunt in the places they had been accustomed to. In St. Catharines, the grants given out to settlers were at least 100 acres in size for every settler at first. To this day the Mississaugas of the Credit community, which consists of the descendants of those Mississaugas which stewarded the Niagara Region, consider the region and St. Catharines to be part of their traditional territory. As an Anishinaabe people, this makes the Niagara Region part of Anishinaabewaki, or "Anishinaabe land" in English.

As a village, St. Catharines came to be in 1796 when a church, tavern, and school were built just east of 12 Mile Creek valley along the Iroquois trail, known commonly as St. Paul Street in St. Catharines. This trail runs from Albany in New York state up through Queenston in Niagara Falls, then through many towns and cities in Ontario including St. Catharines, then West to Detroit, Michigan. It is likely that the confluence of Twelve Mile Creek, Dick's Creek, and the Iroquois trail contributed to the area in question becoming St. Catharine's starting point, which has since developed into the downtown core of the city.

Despite the fact mills used to be quite common along parts of Twelve Mile Creek and its tributaries in the 1800s, Morningstar Mill is the only one left today. Morningstar Mill was built in 1872 and began operating in 1883; it was largely used to grind corn, wheat, oats, barley, and rye into flour through harnessing the force of water moving downwards and would continue to be used for this purpose until the mid-1930s. As such, Morningstar Mill is a piece of St. Catharines heritage that shows the city's former ways of using waterways, antiquated technology, as well as the Niagara Region's rural and agricultural history. The water that runs through Morningstar Mill feeds into Decew Falls, which thereafter flows into Twelve Mile Creek.

The first and second Welland canals met up with 12 mile creek where today the 406 meets 12 Mile Creek, just south of downtown st. catharines. This is also where Dick's Creek, which was once a part of the Welland Canal, met up with Twelve Mile Creek. Remnants of both Dick's Creek and the old path of the Welland Canal can be found along the Canal Valley park

The construction of the Welland Canal is the first known time that 12 Mile Creek was altered heavily for human use, as the structure of the creek itself had to be changed to accommodate the needs of ship traffic.

The first Welland Canal was built from 1824-1833 and was commissioned by William Hamilton Merritt to provide a more efficient way for ships to reach Lake Ontario from Lake Erie. Even before the construction of the Welland Canal Merritt was invested in Twelve Mile Creek, as he owned a saw and grist mill along the creek near where Welland Vale Road and Biolyse Pharma is today. By dint of the difficulty of creating such a canal with the technology that existed at the time and landscape of the Niagara Region, the Welland Canal was constructed to go through many of the naturally occurring streams and rivers towards lake Erie. This included Twelve Mile Creek, Dick's Creek, Chippawa Creek, and the Niagara River in particular, as well as the Grand River for the purpose of feeding water into the Welland Canal. Between 1830 and 1833 the Welland Canal was extended straight from part of the feeder canal close to Chippawa Creek down to Port Colborne and into Lake Erie, as this route was considered more streamlined than entering the canal through Chippawa Creek from the Niagara River.

The second Welland Canal (1845-1886) involved further straightening of the canal to streamline transportation and excavation to deepen the canal, as well as the replacement of the wooden locks from the first canal with stone ones. The stone additions to the Welland Canal's walls are still visible at certain sections of the former route of the second canal, such as at Mountain Locks Park.

The third Welland Canal was a departure from the previous two, in that it's route shifted eastwards so that it no longer ran through Dick's Creek into Twelve Mile Creek, but instead separated from Twelve Mile Creek 5 kilometres above the escarpment and then cut across Merritton and Grantham directly to Port Dalhousie. Remnants of the third Welland Canal can be found just East of today's Welland Canal and South of Glendale Avenue.

In 1931 the path of the Welland Canal shifted again to its current location in order to create a wider and more linear route so as to accommodate the needs of the growing size of commercial ships. The current route of the Welland Canal does not connect to Twelve Mile Creek nor Port Dalhousie, but instead empties at Port Weller, while still connecting to Port Colborne as the previous three canals did.

While much of the former paths of the Welland Canal have been covered up, are still part of the current Welland Canal, or continue to exist as bodies of water that predated European settlement, the feeder canal which runs from Chippawa Creek in Welland to the Grand River in Port Maitland has been relatively well preserved, with most of it still visible.

Shickluna shipyard was a major ship-building site that ran from 1838 into the 1890s just west of downtown St. Catharines along Twelve Mile Creek. Today, the former site of Shickluna shipyard is used by the city's fire department for training activities. In its heyday, Shickluna shipyard produced over a hundred ships and employed over 250 men.

Because of its historical importance to St. Catharines, Twelve Mile Creek, and the Welland Canal, there have been archeological digs undertaken by Brock University at the site of the former Shickluna shipyard.

Today 12 Mile creek is recreationally used for fishing, swimming, boating, hiking, dog-walking and even graffiti.

While this is not a recreational use of Twelve Mile Creek, it is worth mentioning that the conservation area is used by homeless folks to erect temporary shelters. This may be because part of Twelve Mile Creek acts as an artery between downtown St. Catharines and neighbourhoods in southern St. Catharines.

Twelve Trail straddles the east side of Twelve Mile Creek and was created in 1984 by students from Brock University. This trail runs from its meeting point with the Merritt trail by the 406 highway near downtown St. Catharines to the escarpment at a length of 5.5 km. Cyclists and pedestrians are commonly seen using the trail.

Participark Trail straddles the west side of Twelve Mile Creek from Glendale Avenue to the intersection of Renown Road and St. Paul Crescent, with a total length of 2 kilometres. Merritt trail can be accessed at the same intersection of Renown and St. Paul, making it possible to loop back through Twelve Trail to the Glendale Avenue Pedestrian Bridge.

There is ongoing construction of additional trails alongside Twelve Trail and in Hydro Hill for the 2022 Canada Games, of which there have been some concerns raised by residents that environmental destruction will occur as a result.

The Lower Twelve Mile Creek, including where Glendale Avenue passes over it, is bounded on both sides by thin strips of land listed as conservation areas for most of its length. This land is open to the public and owned by the municipality, rather than the province. The conservation area is surrounded by mostly privately owned land, and in the case of the land near the Glendale Avenue Pedestrian Bridge, is mostly zoned as low density suburbs. These suburbs are composed of detached houses on plots of land less than an acre in size each which usually have a driveway facing onto a road.

The Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority has been greatly involved in protecting the conservation area in and surrounding 12 Mile Creek through the creation of stewardship agreements with local land owners.

Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority

250 Thorold Road West; 3rd Floor
Welland, ON L3C 3W2
Phone: 905-788-3135
Fax: 905-788-1121

Ontario Power Generation

https://www.opg.com/contact-us/

Niagara Restoration Council

www.niagararestoration.org

Allison Graszat, Environmental Project Manager

PO Box 21011

Northtown Postal Outlet

Welland, ON L3C 7E6

Land Care Niagara

905-348-LAND (5263)

https://landcareniagara.com/contact-us/

info@landcareniagara.com

PO BOX 28099 Lakeport

St. Catharines, ON. L2N 7P8

Ontario Trillium Foundation

Toll free: 1 800 263-2887

416 963-4927

TTY: 416 963-7905

Fax: 416 963-8781

otf@otf.ca

800 Bay Street, 5th Floor

Toronto ON M5S 3A9

St. Catharines

https://www.stcatharines.ca/en/Contacts.asp

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Larsen, Kiran. "View of the Glendale Pedestrian Bridge from the East." 23 September 2021.

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Larsen, Kiran. "Black Walnut." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Black Willow." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Common Cattails." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Gray Dogwood." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Manitoba Maple." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Milkweed and Goldenrod." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Panickled Aster." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Red Currants." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Smooth Aster and Bumble Bee." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Staghorn Sumac." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Wild Raspberries." 5 November 2021.

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Larsen, Kiran. "Bartlett Pear Tree." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Bosc Pear Tree." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Bull Thistle." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Queen Anne's Lace." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "White Lipped Snail on Honey Locust." 23 September 2021.

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Larsen, Kiran. "European Alder." 5 November 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "European Barberry." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "European Buckthorn." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Common Privet." 5 November 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Norway Maple." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Phragmites." 23 September 2021.

Larsen, Kiran. "Spotted Knapweed." 23 September 2021.