The historic Grand Trunk Railway and Canadian National Railway (CNR) Shops were located on Downie Street in Stratford, Ontario. This 19 acre, 185,000 square feet building arose in the mid-1850s and continued to flourish as the years continued. By the 1940s, Stratford's locomotive repair shop employed approximately 40% of Stratford's workforce and secured the title of 'largest repair operation' in the CNR systems. When Canadian National switched to diesel-powered machinery, the CNR building in Stratford underwent a serious decline in business, resulting in closure. The depreciating CNR building has maintained one stack for an exhaust pipe on the exterior of the building. While this building would have contained several in the past, through the fires and vandalism the building has endured, only one remains. These pipes delivered a negative ecological impact as they were used to circulate the fumes that are in the working space and release the negative exhaust to the air. After its closure, the CNR building became the home to many homeless individuals but suffered an enormous fire in 2003 severely damaging the building. Due to these circumstances, the CNR building has been condemned, restricting all unauthorized entry. As approximately 90% of the building has not been modernized or touched in years, the CNR building has an "abandoned" appearance with multiple smashed windows, graffiti, and deteriorating walls remaining from the fire seventeen years ago. The tracks that trains ran on to receive maintenance remain surrounding the building. This property and building have been sold and bought many times, currently in the possession of Stratford City. While there have been multiple redevelopment ideas generated for this space, the community of Stratford awaits to see change. In stages, there have been changes to the surrounding land such as; the development of the University of Waterloo, Stratford Campus, and the relocated Stratford City bus terminal. However, the original building remains untouched.

Municipality: City of Stratford

Local area name: Stratford, Ontario

Other identifying names or descriptions Canadian National Railways Locomotive Shop, Cooper site

Latitude and longitude: 43°21'59.3"N, -80°58'57.3"W

Physical Dimensions

Length: 283 feet

Width: 92 feet

Surface Area: 185,000 square feet

Elevation:

Highest point: 364m

Lowest point: 359m

There were many Canadian National Railway (CNR) shops functioning to fix locomotives; one large shop being located on Downie Street in Stratford, Ontario. This condemned building spans 19 acres in downtown Stratford. With the expansion of the CNR building, it is the largest building in Stratford stretching a length of 283 feet and a width of 92 feet. The CNR building used to service countless locomotives and employed approximately 40% of Stratford's population. When the Canadian National changed its focus to diesel-powered machinery, this quickly closed many doors to CNR shops. The City of Stratford has discussed many redevelopment plans for this space; however, these plans have never moved forward. As the building continued to age with zero maintenance or activity, Stratford acknowledged that local homeless individuals were using this space to live in. Unfortunately, in 2003, there was a massive fire in the building causing great damage. This resulted in the heartbreak for many members of the community as they watched memories burn. After this fire, the city installed a fence surrounding the building to restrict unauthorized individuals to enter the premises. Currently, in 2020, the building itself has yet to undergo redevelopment, but the surrounding land has seen a change. The University of Waterloo, Stratford Campus was built, and a relocation of the Stratford City bus terminal has been developed on the CNR's surrounding grounds. The City of Stratford awaits action on the untouched, CNR building itself.

Map 1: Satellite location of the Stratford CNR Building. (Source: Google Maps)

Map 2: Location of the Stratford CNR Building. (Source: Google Maps)

Human Integration:

When searching for the biota of every landscape, one must take into consideration the way human influence has affected these landscapes. When looking further into the landscape of the Canadian National Railways (CNR) building in Stratford, Ontario it is obvious that the animal and plant species are not as unique as other landscapes due to the building's location. If this landscape had not been altered by the human impact, it can be assumed that this landscape would appear much different than it does now. This building was a workplace for countless years, however with the closure of this CNR shop, this large building has remained untouched. The surrounding area, however has been impacted by humans. By performing a spatial analysis of the area surrounding the CNR building, it is clear that the changes made by humans to create recreational areas, university campuses, and the relocation of bus terminals is an example of the forced relationship between organisms and the landscape. Moreover, as Stratford became a more developed city, the expansion of buildings interfered with the habitat fragmentation. Specifically, the construction of the large 185,000 square foot CNR building required deforestation to develop this building. Bastinanoi et. al (2006) elaborates on the ecological footprint that construction of buildings has on a particular area (p. 347). There are several indirect ecological impacts of manufacturing buildings that are often not acknowledged. After examination of the landscape it is clear that these impacts affected the flora and fauna of the CNR building (Bastinanoi et. al, 2006, p. 347-348). Given the alteration of the ecological features of the landscape, one can understand the change in species is constant due to human impacts. Humans are responsible for the constant changes of the CNR building in the past and present, ultimately disrupting the plant and animal species. As result, this disruption has caused a continuous change in the biota located in this surrounding landscape.

Plant Species:

While the CNR building is located downtown Stratford, Ontario, the number of species surrounding this landscape came as a surprise to me. The City of Stratford has reported the native plant species that are found in the city. After countless visits to the landscape, it is apparent that these plant species have adapted to the climate of Stratford and flourished in this environment (Cusa et al., 2015). The condemned building has many plant species closely surrounding it; specifically, types of Deciduous Trees. There are many Red Oak trees surrounding the CNR building on the enclosed side of the fence. These trees are between 20 to 30 meters tall, containing a dark green leave that changes to a beautiful orange in the fall season ("Red Oak", 2020). While this tree is common, it flourishes in Stratford, Ontario as it can grow in multiple types of soil and can adapt to different climates ("Red Oak", 2020). A notable plant species that are found on this landscape is Ontario's floral emblem, the white trillium. This flower is found near the train tracks behind the CNR building. This beautiful accent to this site is very rare as white trillium's regularly flourish in the wild in comparison to populated areas ("Native Plants", 2019). Hough (2004) elaborated on the naturalized urban plant species and the plant's ability to adapt to city conditions (p. 90). I believe that this correlates with the presence of the white trillium on the CNR building landscape as these wildflowers grew without human involvement. Hough (2004) discusses the influence of pollen and proves that once the pollen lands on the soil and the flower can grow in that given soil, this formation can occur without the influence of humans. While industrialization can greatly affect the cross-pollination of wildflowers, the construction of this site thankfully has left the white trillium untouched ("Native Plants", 2019).

Animal Species:

The ecological and physical features of landscapes are regularly the easiest to recognize, however as the CNR landscape is a building; this created more difficulties. The CNR building contains many ecological features such as animal species surrounding this building, not specifically within. Around the CNR building, there are common insects circulating the building such as; ladybird beetles, flies, butterflies, mosquitos, and many more ("Wildlife", 2019). Hough (2004) highlights the attraction of vegetation for wildlife, and it confirms the reason as to why the insects migrate towards the building (p. 132). Unfortunately, rats and raccoons are common pests that are causing a nuisance around the landscape (Johnson, 2003). Johnson (2003) notes that these animal species are known to go into this untouched building during the colder months. They spend time loitering around the building and are attracted to the long grass and weeds on this landscape (Johnson, 2003). As the CNR building is in downtown Stratford, Ontario it is important to note the impacts wildlife has on the city. Not only do the racoons and rats cause damage to the environment, their droppings also attract other larger animals, which could pose as a threat in a populated environment (Houghs, 2004, p. 157). While the common insects and pests have been discussed, Stratford Ontario is known for its rare swans, which also make appearances around the CNR building. The Avon River, where the swans are released for the summer, is approximately 500 meters away from the CNR building, allowing the movement and travel of swans. This uncommon species of bird is found and protected by the City of Stratford. They are released to swim during the annual Swan Parade which occurs every first Sunday of April and is sent to their winter pens for warmth on the last Sunday of October ("Stratford Tourism", 2018).

Geomorphology is the study of a landscape from micro to global scale (Matthews, 2014). The Canadian National Railway building has many noteworthy physical features in the present day. The ecosystems surrounding the CNR building work through Ontario's harsh seasons and replenish themselves come spring. The grass surrounding the building is well maintained by the City of Stratford. Underneath the grass is the soils that are known to be full of nutrients and able to hold water to continue to feed the plant species. Wessolek (2008) highlights the importance of water management and its correlation to the growth and well-being of soil (p. 165). To properly maintain the ecosystems, the local climate and amount of rainfall are essential. In Stratford, Ontario there are specific weather climates that have been accounted for to ensure geomorphology of the landscape is successful. This local landscape has endured erosional impacts from high winds and water flow. In 2007, Environment Canada (2007) reported areas close to Stratford, Ontario suffering a Tornado. The storm generated 50 millimetres of rain and approximately 113 kilometres of wind per hour ("Tornado struck near Stratford", 2007). The high wind and rainfall caused devastating damage to the Stratford area, resulting in fallen trees and topsoil being blown on to the Canadian National Railway building property. The damage to the CNR building after this tornado has never been fixed. There have been countless changes because of humans that have taken place in this landscape. While there are still many unactioned redevelopment plans for this space, the City of Stratford has undergone a handful. As known locally as the "Cooper Lot", also known as the CNR Building's surroundings, there has been an expansion of the University of Waterloo, Stratford Campus, a relocation of the Stratford Bus Terminals, and a new edition of a small drive-in movie theatre to entertain families. To complete these transitions, there have been countless leveling, plowing, and excavation plans. The City of Stratford has recently re-sided a small portion of the exterior of the building where the new bus terminal is to cover abandoned windows and old vandalized brick (see images below).

Although there are no significant bodies of water closely related to the Canadian National Railway building, it still affects hydrogeology. The Stratford Avon River is the closest body of water to the CNR building. This is a small basin that drains into the North Thames River in St. Mary's, Ontario ("Stratford Tourism", 2018). Stratford Tourism (2018) confirms that this basin is approximately 1678 kilometres squared. Throughout Alberti's Hydrological Processes, they elaborate on the impact buildings have on the hydrology systems (2008, p. 136). The ability for watersheds to refine rainfall is how the water flow is controlled, yet large infrastructural buildings, such as the CNR building, reduce this ability (Alberti, 2008, p. 146). The reduction of water flow is better for ecological and physical development as it absorbs into the surrounding species and becomes more nurtured (Alberti, 2008, p. 147). While it is true that the CNR building is not surrounded by any large bodies of water, all infrastructure and human activity influences hydrogeology.

Map 3: This symbolizes the distance between the CNR Building and the closest body of water; the Avon River. (Source: Google Maps)

The landscape's climate is continuously impacted by human activity. As a population, the mindless actions of humans are negatively impacting the greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels which ultimately releases more carbon dioxide into our breathing air (Chambers, 1992, pg. 43). Alberti (2008) highlights the "prodigious amount" of energy that is calculated for each household usage and the carbon dioxide emitted into the air (p. 191). Additionally, the number of people who are continuously heating their houses in the winter and cooling them in summer are making climate temperatures worse (Alberti, 2008, pg. 191). The CNR building is notably larger than its neighbouring buildings, naturally forming its microclimate. As this landscape has a higher elevation than others, it is more exposed to a cooler climate (Mattsson, 1966). All of these conditions may be appropriately associated with the CNR landscape. The amount of energy that was used to heat, cool, and run this industrial infrastructure configured air pollution that affected the air around us (Chambers, 1992). Large industrial buildings are known for their air pollution, and the CNR building was not an exception. While the human activity surrounding this building contributed to the changes in climate in this landscape, the building itself was also a large contributor. One may note the Canadian National Railway's microclimate emitted many toxins into the hair, ultimately affecting the climate of the City of Stratford.

Archaeological Influences:

The Canadian National Railway building has a lot of historical significance to the City of Stratford. This landscape was manufactured in the mid-1850s and employed a number of people shortly after. Immediately, there were plenty of job opportunities for the citizens of Stratford and this employment opportunity quickly drew the attention of the citizens of surrounding areas (Greenberg, 2019). This landscape has grown from many archaeological influences and changed and elapsed over time. During the pre-European settlement, the City of Stratford had not been fully developed nor had this landscape been established. What is now a significant landscape was an unused property during these times (Greenberg, 2019). The pre-European settlement had an archaeological influence on the development of the CNR building as the migration of people created a need for employment opportunities in Stratford. The city did not offer enough employment opportunities for the new residents arriving, however once the demand for locomotive maintenance spiked, the city became a potential for a large industrial employer (Robinson, 2020). The City of Stratford realized the potential for employment by the CNR, hence the development of this building. The pre-European settlement is believed to shape the City of Stratford to the location it is to this day (Greenberg, 2019).

Land use History:

The Canadian National acknowledged the demand for locomotive servicing and decided to open a CNR building in Stratford, Ontario on this specific lot (Fischer, 2016). This developed the city and promoted a spike in employment in Stratford, Ontario, approximately employing 40% of Stratford's workforce (Greenberg, 2019). This landscape experienced a constant demand for locomotive maintenance and by the 1940s Stratford's repair shop was known as the "largest repair operation" in the Canadian National Railway buildings (Fischer, 2016). This landscape was Stratford's largest employment building resulting in an increased economical status for Stratford, Ontario (Robinson, 2020). This building was used mainly for industrial purposes. One half of the building was building parts for locomotives while the other half was a repair location (Robinson, 2020). The CNR landscape had large doors where trains could drive in and park while receiving maintenance which is pictured below. During this landscape's functioning operational, its main purpose was industrial infrastructure. However, during non-operational hours this building with vaulted ceilings opened the doors to the public allowing marching bands to practice and church groups to gather, ultimately using this space for recreational use (Robinson, 2020). The landscape developed a multipurpose function that invited the City of Stratford to gather for recreational usage on weekends and act as an employer throughout the week. As the years passed this landscape developed true meaning to families as there were many memories made in this building. Personally speaking, my great-grandfather worked as a locomotive repair employee for 40 years at the CNR building. The memories tied to this building made the closure of the CNR landscape more devastating for the public of Stratford, as when the doors closed, the memories were kept inside (Fischer, 2016). Over the years, this condemned building has slowly decayed due to abandonment and the tragic fire in 2003. This significant landscape caught fire and burnt portions of the CNR building beyond recognition (Greenberg, 2019). Now, in 2020, the building itself remains untouched and fenced with large signs indicating 'No Trespassing' (Robinson, 2020). The land surrounding the building has redeveloped into new attractions of Stratford, Ontario, and the city awaits many unfulfilled redevelopment ideas for the building itself.

Education:

The Canadian National Railway cooperation had several locomotive maintenance shops around Canada. The Stratford, Ontario CNR landscape does not have a museum specifically focusing on its productions. However, the cities that are homes to other historic CNR shops, such as; Fort Erie, Hamilton, and Toronto have museums that the public can tour to grasp an idea of the size of the trains that were worked on, the conditions employees worked in and the jobs that were assigned in the past. These museums discuss the work that was done in all of the CNR buildings in comparison to Stratford specifically. Another informative resource that is available to educate the public is a film Grand Trunk: A City Build on Steam produced and directed by Robinson and Simon (2017). This film focuses specifically on the development of Stratford, Ontario, and the way the CNR building brought the community together as one.

Map 4: Satellite location of the Fort Erie Railway Museum. To see their website to view visiting hours please select here. (Source: Google Maps)

Map 5: Satellite location of the Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology National Historic Site. To see their website to view visiting hours please select here. (Source: Google Maps)

Map 6: Satellite location of the Toronto Railway Museum. To see their website to view visiting hours please select here. (Source: Google Maps)

Architectural Heritage:

The architectural heritage of the Stratford CNR landscape has been cautiously preserved over time. The original frame of the landscape still stands, though expansions were built when Stratford gained more employees. Including the expansion, the CNR building is 283 feet long, 92 feet wide, and has a surface area of 185,000 square feet. The original building was closely monitored for years while in operation, however, since the CNR building was closed it has slowly drifted out of mind. Baeker & Hanna (2009) highlight the significance of a building and what makes it unique. With urbanization, buildings often lose their original studs or appearances due to companies craving modernization. The majority of the CNR building has not been modernized and has been left untouched since its closure, therefore it still holds its uniqueness to Stratford (Baeker & Hanna, 2009, p. 10). Recently, the City of Stratford urged for a relocation of the Stratford City bus terminal. The land surrounding the CNR building also referred to as the Cooper lot, is the new location for this terminal. Therefore, in hopes to modernizing the new bus terminal, the City of Stratford made changes to the south end of the CNR building to this. The remainder of the building maintains an abandoned appearance except for that side. The CNR building was not maintained or monitored for many years until the fire in 2003 (Greenberg, 2019). Since that tragedy, the building has been condemned by the City of Stratford restricting all unauthorized entry (Greenberg, 2019). As this building is in disrepair, the restrictions in place for the safety of the public to prevent any injuries that may occur (Robinson, 2020).

Recreational Uses:

In today's society there is a vast amount of recreational use for this landscape, however, the city has decided to use this location for development of the city as a whole. They have segregated the CNR building by fencing, but the area surrounding does not go unused. Recently, The City of Stratford has constructed a drive-in movie theatre where families can enjoy a social-distanced night out on weekends during the pandemic (Robinson, 2020). The public hopes this will continue after the pandemic finishes, but this development plan has not been confirmed. Also, the Cooper lot has plenty of free parking spaces for the local workers during the days throughout the week year-round. As previously noted, the Stratford bus terminal has secured half of the Cooper lot after the relocation from the downtown square. Furthermore, the expansion of Waterloo University, Stratford Campus draws students from all over Canada who want to pursue a business or computer sciences education. The space surrounding the CNR landscape has been successfully utilized however the building itself remains unoccupied due to many conflicts in developmental plans. Currently, there aren't any noted minutes or documents discussing the development plans for the CNR building, therefore, as a member of the Stratford community, we will have to wait for a change in the future.

When the CNR building closed, the Canadian National Railway immediately sold the property to the City of Stratford. The landscape has remained in the control of the city ever since. The city has been in charge of implementing restrictions, consulting about redevelopment plans, and have taken full control over this large space downtown. The space surrounding the building promotes public entry with the introduction of the university campus, bus terminal, and drive-in movie theatre. While the area surrounding the CNR building is publicly permitted, the building itself became condemned in 2003. The City of Stratford has had a large influence on the way the landscape appears today, as the city has been in full control of all moderations that have taken place to this property. Often, the citizens of Stratford wonder what the conditions of the building would be like if it was independently owned. However, the city assures that there will be a redevelopment plan in the future for this historical building. The building permits and municipal plans have certainly had an impact on the modifications of the landscape because the city is very restricted. As the CNR building is massive, more safety guidelines need to be taken by the city to move forward with any redevelopment. The city-owned properties are managed solely by their employees. Therefore, there are not any other groups or agencies involved.

As previously mentioned, the CNR building is a landscape that is located downtown, Stratford. That being said the CNR building is surrounded by many roads and trails that connect it to the whole city. Whether one looks north, east, south, or west from the CNR building, there are roads full of automobiles. Stratford, Ontario, has a population of approximately 31,500, and the CNR building is located in the busiest part of this city (Robinson, 2020). As this building was used for locomotive maintenance, on the southwest side of the building there are train tracks that trains still run on transporting individuals to larger cities such as; Sarnia, London, and Toronto. Also surrounding the building are designated biking lanes and sidewalks which is a main form of transportation for locals (Robinson, 2020). Alberti (2008) elaborates on the differences that vary based on whether the landscape is considered rural or urban (pg. 98). The urban gradient provided a depiction of the difference between an ariel image of farmland and its connectivity compared to urban living and its connectivity (Alberti, 2008, pg. 98). The CNR landscape has different forms of connectivity in comparison to rural living as its connections are based more on surrounded transportation. Regarding hydrogeology, the CNR building does not have any large bodies of water near though this has been elaborated on previously (please see section "Ecological and Physical Features - Hydrogeology" for elaboration). The constant flow of traffic by automobile, train, bike, or foot has impacted the appearance of the landscape over time. Currently, the building suffers from broken windows and vandalism that has been constructed by vagrants.

Map 7: Satellite view of CNR building. One can note the train-tracks directly behind the building and streets surrounding for the building's connectivity. (Source: Google Maps)

Owner of Landscape: City of Stratford

Mailing Address: 1 Wellington St. Stratford, ON N5A 2L3

City Hall Phone: 519-271-0250

Stratford Mayor Dan Mathieson Phone: 519-271-0250 ext. 5234

Fax: 519-271-2783

Email: You may find the email of any council member by following the link and clicking on your desired person. Click here for email contact.

Video 1: Drone footage that was taken in 2016 of the CNR building. (Source: Canadian Geographic)

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This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Morgan Simpson for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on October 31, 2020.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.