Shickluna Shipyards is considered to be one of St. Catharines hidden treasures of history. This incredible piece of land located along Twelve-Mile Creek was formally known as the best shipbuilding yard on the Great Lakes. Located on Renown road past Burgoyne Bridge, this establishment was known to be affiliated with multiple nearby buildings including a blacksmith and the Taylor Bates and Brewery company in the 1800's. A Maltese immigrant named Louis Shickluna purchased the shipyard on the Welland Canal and was very successful until he became sick. After passing on, his son took over the shipyard for 10 years until the digging of the third Welland Canal failed to allow for certain ships to pass through resulting in disuse of the Shipyard and Canal. The shipyard was covered by fill, further hiding the history and its remains. Today the landscape offers a unique sense of peace next to the creek, consisting of pavement and soil as well as the Burgoyne Bridge. Regardless of being close to highway 406, it is very settling to know and understand the positive contribution this location has on St,Catharines as a whole. The landscape currently has a red building on it being used for Fireman training sessions. Across this location is Twelve-Mile Creek along with many weeds and trees. Shickluna Shipyards is a piece of history that not many people are actually aware of. This needs to be further examined as Louis Shickluna was the best Canadian shipbuilder on the Great Lakes and created a positive impact on settlers traveling into Niagara. He also created jobs for many people in St. Catharines area giving everyone a positive experience at Shickluna Shipyards.

Municipality: St. Catharines

Local area name: Shickluna Shipyards

Other identifying names or descriptions District of downtown St.Catharines

Latitude and longitude: Latitude:43.151841and Longitude: -79.248697

Physical Dimensions

Length:101.26m

Width: 70.02m

Surface Area: 7090.22m²

Elevation:

Highest point is 98m

Lowest point is 84m

Shickluna Shipyards is a 101m X 70 m piece of land with a high elevation of 98m and a low point of 84m. The municipality of Shickluna shipyards is St.Catahrines, and it is located near the heart of downtown St.Catharines, across from the Twelve-Mile Creek and Highway 406 as well as directly beside the Burgoyne Bridge. Currently, Shickluna Shipyards is on Renown Road, L2S 1M4, with a latitude of 43.151841 and a longitude of -79.248697. This location might not seem like much today, however, years ago from 1838-1891, this was an important industrial location as well as the best shipbuilding yard on the Great Lakes. From 1828-1837 a man named Russel Armington owned the shipyard until passing away. He was initially a shipbuilder in New York; however, he decided to settle in St. Catharines and continue his business. He was known for building the Welland Canal of St.Catharines, which was a famous boat built for two men: William Merrit and William Chase. After passing away due to illness, Armington's shipyard was leased by William Merrit. In 1838 a Maltese immigrant named Louis Shickluna. He immigrated from Malta to work in the United States as Malta hit an economic depression. He found an associate of William Merrit's and leased the shipyard. Shickluna worked there as a shipbuilder, and word spread fast. He quickly became the best-known shipbuilder on the great lakes while having built over 150 ships. Louis Shickluna gave the shipyard to his two sons and passed away shortly after. Currently on this location lays a bed of modern alluvium and a dire training tower.

Trees within Niagara Region and forests hold many benefits such as reducing stormwater runoff, providing us with shade, cleaning the air we breathe as well as decreasing heating and cooling costs. The city of St.Catharines Forestry Services department is in charge of maintaining forests and trees in the area as well as removing and planting as needed. The type of trees and vegetation specifically around Shickluna Shipyards is unknown; however, the City of St.Catharines states that they do annual tree giveaways to residents to plant in their yards, including several species such as Red Maple, Hackberry, Pin Oak and Eastern Redbud. Another program that the City of St.Catharines is doing is implementing an Emerald Ash Borer management program that treats viable ash trees as well as removing and replacing trees as necessary. Emerald Ash Borer is a pest that came from Asia, affecting all forms of Ash trees. Once infested, death will occur 1-2 years following.

On Shickluna Shipyards, there is no vegetation; however, it is surrounded by vegetation. A large part of why there is no vegetation here is explicitly due to human activity and the excavation. Years ago, this location was abandoned as well as filled with soil, and it had experienced many changes due to human activity. This past summer, the excavation took place with hopes of digging up any remains of what it used to be. With this happening, it is almost impossible for the area to obtain vegetation. Hough mentions that the city also influences the vegetation nearby. He elaborates on how the city climate is warmer and contains chemical pollutants such as "sulfur dioxide from residential and industrial combustion, ozone from the photochemical breakdown of automobile exhausts, nitrogen oxides and fluorides and fine particles emitted from industrial processes."(Hough, 88). All these pollutants listed above are known to interfere with the transpiration and respiration process of plants. Their root systems have to adapt to different soil conditions and pavements, causing water penetration and nutrients to decrease, and groundwater levels lower and interfere with the transfer of air and gases. There are multiple ways that the city affects natural vegetation, including those listed above, as well as salt from the streets in the wintertime, basement flooding, or even colder temperatures from cooling vents. Being located across downtown St.Catharines as well as already altered by humans, it is tough for vegetation to remain stable in this location. However, the vegetation surrounding this specific location, according to Hough, is known as the Native Plant Community. He defines the native plant community as vegetation unaltered by human activity and relatively untouched. The native plant community in Shickluna Shipyards is the vegetation surrounding the area.

Just behind Shickluna Shipyards are a community of homes, schools, and stores up the hill such as Walkinshaw park, Garden city pharmacy, and the St.Catharines Amtrack. Across from the Twelve- mile Creek is highway 406 and Downtown St.Catharines, which includes many shops, restaurants, and bars such as Twelve Mile Lounge, Beechwood Doughnuts, and Scotiabank as well as Yates Street heritage District. Many people are part of communities nearby and are continually moving around this location.

Hough touches on how the woodlands contain rare trees, shrubs, and vegetation and are essential habitats for many animals and birds. Shickluna Shipyards is considered to be a Regeneration Landscape. According to Hough, a Regeneration Landscape is a landscape that has changed ecologically, topographically, and hydrologically due to mining or human activity, which in this case would be the excavation. Hough elaborates on how "Former wastelands recolonized by early succession plants are ecologically diverse, resilient, and of considerable educational and social benefit in residential areas. Their preservation and inclusion into new developments would do much to enrich these places. (Hough, 129). This location is historically significant to the community and holds native vegetation to show and educate. Shickluna Shipyards is not home to many animals; however, the surrounding vegetation had become home to many local animals such as birds and squirrels. Some of the birds seen in this area include Magnolia Myrtles, Blackburn, and Black-throated Warblers, Olive back Thrush, Woodpeckers, Kinglets, and Cape May Warblers.

Urbanization is known as making a specific area more urban, which occurs due to human activity. With this comes the population of pigeons, sparrows, starlings, and rats. These specifically feed off of human waste and things such as garbage. They are more populated in urbanized locations as those locations are not the ideal environment for more aggressive species. These more urban locations do not provide plants, food, or habitats to animals such as downtown St.Catharines.

Specific animal species located around Shickluna Shipyards include birds, squirrels, foxes, raccoons, and deer. After doing further research, I was able to find out the types of species living throughout the Bruce Trail, which is a similar environment, and not far away. The Bruce Trail Conservancy estimates that there are over 300 species of birds, 53 types of mammals, 36 species of reptiles and amphibians, 90 types of fish, and over 1500 plants. They have created a biodiversity checklist for traveling along the trail in forest locations, including species such as the Red-Headed Woodpecker, the Porcupine, the Red-Backed Salamander, and Red-Shouldered Hawk. They have also done the same checklist for certain types of plants, such as Canopy Trees, Shrubs, Fungi and Moss, Wood Lilly's, and Sassafras..

The Bruce Trail Conservatory also had great information on what species are becoming threatened or endangered. The Red-headed woodpecker is becoming threatened as well as Hart's tongue fern and the butternut tree. Deforestation is also another issue affecting areas such as the Bruce Trail and Shickluna Shipyards. One of the solutions that The Bruce Train Conservatory recommends for this is quick reforestation. Niagara College also came out with a list of animals that are endangered or threatened in the Niagara Region. According to them, the Acadian Flycatcher Birds, Barn Owls, Henslow's Sparrow, Prothonotary Warblers, Rusty patched bumblebees, Eastern Pondmussles, Kidney shells, Gray Ratsnake, American Chestnut trees, Cherry Birch Trees, cucumber Tress, Eastern Flowering dogwood, spoon leaved moss, white wood asters and many other species are endangered. Not all of these are located explicitly in or by Schickluna shipyards; however, this acts as an eye-opener for how we must start making changes to our environments in a positive way to benefit and preserve the wildlife around us.

Deforestation is due to human activity, making space for industrialization or urbanization. This has occurred around Shickluna shipyards, pushing some animals to become endangered or extinct. This takes away the wildlife's habitats as well as food, and over time it becomes an unsafe condition for the wildlife to live in. Not only has deforestation occurred, but the excavation that took place this past summer and the filling of the location after its prime has affected any source of wildlife that was present before.

Currently on Shickluna Shipyard sits a tall pink building that was built in the late 1970s. This is the fire training tower that was put in place for training purposes. Other than that, there is not anything else on the land beside the soil itself and the vegetation surrounding the location. The Quaternary Geological Map of Southern Ontario states that the locations superficial soils consist of modern alluvium (clay, silt, sand, and gravel with other organic matter. The layer of fill is comprised of silty sand and gravel. Upon further research and speaking with Kimberley monk (lead archeologist on the excavation this past summer), I learned that during their excavation, they uncovered mixtures of clay, silt, and sand up to 60cm in depth at three excavation sites.

While looking at a topographic map, it is evident that there have been many changes to the landscape over time. For example, Renown road is not natural. It was human-made. The same goes for Burgoyne Bridge and the firemen training tower. The soil and sand were not originally there as the shipyard itself was used for fill, and the excavation site refilled the land again. Originally Shickluna had a basin in place for ships to come and go; however, today, there are just soil and some grass. They have closed off any entrance to the basin that would have existed today.

Considering that this location in its prime was one of the greatest industrial sites in St.Catharines and has gone through so much such as being filled and excavated, there have been many changes to this piece of land. When looking at the actual land it is very un-leveled due to the filling, digging, and re-filling of the land.

Recently this past summer brock played a large roll in uncovering any history of Schickluna shipyards that had been left behind. Kimberley Monk, an archeologist at Brock University, led the excavation in hopes of uncovering artifacts or parts of the shipyard itself to understand better how the shipyard looked while it was active while getting a sense of how the workers and Shickluna himself had lived. This was the first industrial shipyard to be excavated, and volunteers and students worked from July to August to uncover all the layers of history to be found. This excavation aimed to identify and define the use of the shipyard. They had several excavation points such as Shickluna Village, which was a sector of a dozen houses used for employees of Shickluna to live in. They had uncovered over 3000 artifacts such as lace-up leather boots, ceramics, bottle glass, ship fasteners, and a structure that is dated back to the shipyard. They had hoped that finding these artifacts would help the public picture what life was like towards the 19th and 20th centuries. They left a bookmark and re-covered the ground on August 22 with hopes of continuing this excavation next summer. It is hard to notice, but when looking at the 1921 mosaic air photo, there is a slightly curved shadow on the location of Shickluna Shipyards. This is believed to be one of the great boats that Shickluna himself worked on, The schooner James Norris. This specific schooner served bulk freight trade of high volume, low-value goods. She was brought back to the shipyard for repairs and eventually buried with the rest of the yard.

Currently directly across from Shickluna Shipyards is the Twelve-Mile Creek. This adjacent creek got its name because it extends 12 miles from the Niagara River. According to Greenbelt Niagara, this creek drains a watershed of 178 square kilometers, which is sub-grouped into six sheds. This creek is also inspected every five years by the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority for its health. This creek is also home for many species, such as Brook Trout and Acadian Flycatchers or Hooded Warblers. Not only is it home to these animals, but it is also Niagara's only identified cold water stream.

On the location, there is also a tall pink fireman training tower. All the water resources being used are drafted by a truck from the adjacent 12-mile creek.

With the excavation and filling of the land, there has been an industrial runoff in the creek, which negatively affects the wildlife within it as well as water levels. The Niagara Peninsula also offers up to date information on weekly creek levels. For example, for the week of October 19, they have provided a chart to display how the water levels started at 5.1 meters and then went up to 6 meters on October 21and then back down to 5 after. This chart also demonstrates how, on October 22, precipitation went from 0.6mm to 1.2mm. This chart also displays the average water level for the creek, which is 90.07m, and the 100-year flood elevation, which is 91.17m.

Drainage from the fire training tower could affect the levels of the water in the creek depending on how frequent the tower is used and how frequently they drain water. Humans have also taken part in the excavation of the filling above Shickluna Shipyards. This filling layer was put in place on top of what used to be a Basin for the old shipyard. A-Basin is s "a depression, or dip, in the Earth's surface. Basins are shaped like bowls, with sides higher than the bottom. They can be oval or circular in shape, similar to a sink or tub you might have in your bathroom. Some are filled with water. Others are empty." (National Geographic, 2019). This natural dip in the earth's surface was covered by humans as well as the rest of Shickluna Shipyard.

Shickluna Shipyards is in somewhat of an awkward location in the sense that the climate around it is affected not only by the woodlands but also the water flowing down the Twelve-Mile Creek and the City of Downtown St.Catharines. Hough elaborates on how urbanization plays a significant role in influencing the climate around it. Cities tend to store heat and generate energy very quickly. The sidewalks and paved roadways also heat up quicker than grasslands would, generating more heat for the atmosphere. This heat travels, and its been seen that the City is usually a couple of degrees higher than the outskirts. Not only does the City generate heat, but it also prevents cold air from coming in. For example, the City is filled with tall buildings and sharp corners, stopping gusts of wind from circulating. Not only is this energy coming from the City, but it is also coming from cars and houses as well. Greenhouse gases are being emitted from households every day, releasing carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other gases. Behind Shickluna Shipyards is a neighborhood of homes and shops, producing these gases regularly. The cars continually driving on the 406 highway across the Twelve-Mile Creek are also releasing these gases and playing a part in heating the overall atmosphere. In the City, there is also resistance to evaporation. There is less moisture in the City, freeing up more room for energy exchange for heat. This further heat the atmosphere. Also going off this note, Shickluna Shipyards receives this end of the evaporation process but also the cooling evaporation process that the creek provides. The moisture in the Twelve-mile creek evaporates, and energy is used to cool down the atmosphere around it. The plants in the woodland around Shickluna Shipyards also take place in the evaporation process. Through photosynthesis, the transpiration of the plans regulates and controls humidity and temperature. Trees also provide shade around the location, cooling the atmosphere down a little more. This location in itself is pretty empty and is also located directly next to flowing water. This flow of water provides wind for the area, cooling it down even more.

From 1828-1837 a man named Russel Armington owned the shipyard until passing away. He was originally a shipbuilder in New York, however, he decided to settle in St. Catharines and continue his business. He was known for building the Welland Canal of St.Catharines which was a famous boat built for two men: William Merrit and William Chase. After passing away due to illness, Armington's shipyard was then leased by William Merrit. In 1838 a Maltese immigrant named Louis Shickluna immigrated from Malta to work in the United States as Malta hit an economic depression. He found an associate of William Merrit's and leased the shipyard. He worked there as a shipbuilder and word spread fast. He quickly became the best-known shipbuilder on the great lakes. He also employed well over 300 people including past fugitives who struggled to find work elsewhere. The first ship he repaired was the Welland Canal and the largest ship he ever repaired was Schooner in 1841 called Chief Justice Robinson and it was the largest boat at that time that could go through the Welland Canal. Next to the second Canal, Shickluna built a dry dock which is known today as St. Paul Cresent. St. Catharines Standard wrote on how Shickluna had been estimated "to have built as many as 150 ships, and perhaps more" (Standard, 2019), in his lifetime. In 1871, he gave shipyard to his sons as he had become ill with failing health and rheumatoid arthritis. He planned to leave for Malta one last time. He returned to St.Catharines and shortly passed away in April 1880. Due to the digging of the Third Welland Canal, and the increased size of runner boats, the shipyard ran into disuse. His sons let the shipyard be used for soil fill further protecting the history it holds today. In 1891 the shipyard had been leased to a box and basket making a manufacturer and after 1901 it had been abandoned. Left on Shickluna Shipyards today is a fireman training tower that was built in the late 1970s, being used for firemen training.

One specific educational resource of Shickluna Shipyards is Brock University itself. Many students in the history or Geography departments are aware of the Shicklunas history and significance to the old Shipyard. The excavation itself is a tremendous educational opportunity available to students to get hands-on experience with the locations past.

One great interpretive resource available to St.Catharines is the St.Catharines Museum and Welland Canals Centre. This Museum offers significant research associated with Shickluna Shipyards and holds exhibits explaining Louis Shickluna and his past with this location. This Museum also offers an online component, sharing photos of actual artifacts dating back to the early 1800s. This can be found at https://museum-cityofstcatharines.msappproxy.net/search/shickluna.

Not only does this location hold great information on Shickluna Shipyards, but it also has exhibits from other local historical locations nearby, such as the Welland Canal. This Museum also worked very closely with Kimberley monk throughout the excavation, and hopefully, we will soon see some of the artifacts that were uncovered, being exhibited there. The St.Catharines Museum and Welland Canal Centre is located in 1932 Welland Canals Pkwy, L2R 7C2 in St.Catharines, and is open Monday-Sunday, 9 am – 5 pm.

The only building left on Shickluna Shipyards today is the fireman training center. The tower was built in 1970. With the construction and excavation taking place, the tower has run into disuse and they are looking for a new location. St.Catharines standard spoke on this tower as having sagging floors and major structural issues, also acting as a factor in the disuse of the location. The structure hasn't changed since it was built other than deteriorating due to age. Any trace of the old shipyard was covered up with soil. The excavation has also been uncovering artifacts from the shipyard during its prime and hopes to uncover much more in the future.

The Participark Trail leads directly to Shickluna Shipyards. It is 2 km long and follows the Twelve-Mile Creek. This trail is frequently used for hiking, biking, walking and running. This is an informal trail and is within the municipality of St.Catharines. Many mountain biking races also take place along this trail.

The municipality of St,Catharines owns Shickluna Shipyards . Public access is permitted however during the excavation, they had the land blocked off to preserve their project. When the land was being filled with soil, it had to be approved by the city and municipality. They also had to approve the excavation taking place. Without the fill or excavation, the site would reminisce more of what the shipyard looked like in its prime, however it would have aged quite a bit. There is no maintenance to the land, other than the re-filling of the excavation.

Shickluna Shipyard is located on Renown Road, just under Burgoyne Bridge and on 12-Mile Creek. Across from the creek is Yate Street Heritage District, and on the premises of Shickluna Shipyards is a pink fireman training tower. Also across the creek is Highway 406. When Sickluna Shipyard was in its prime, there were a few other buildings around such as Taylor and Bates Brewery and a blacksmith building. Many men that worked around the district would support these local businesses as well as any new settlers or visitors. Any wealthy men that worked in these businesses would also purchase expensive homes along Yates Street. Alberti speaks of how humans "widen and deepen streams to increase drainage and prevent flooding." (Alberti, 94). The same has been done with the Twelve Mile Creek. Humans have changed and had an impact on the water flow through widening and deepening the stream as well as altering the direction it goes. The 406 highway across from Shickluna Shipyards also has been modified by human activity. Humans have altered this highway with the final goal of finding a fast, efficient way to get from one place to another around St.Catharines. Alberti also mentions that humans alter highways to "maximize accessibility while minimizing transportation costs." (Alberti, 94). The Twelve-Mile Creek was critical in 1980 as it is what brought in settlers and visitors to the Shipyard. Without this creek, Shickluna Shipyard would not be a part of our history today. The highway today gives the public access to get to Shickluna Shipyards fast and effectively, compared to walking or biking. It allows quick transportation across St.Catharines, benefiting this historic site. Currently, the site is being used in an excavation study carried on by Kimberly Monk.

Alberti, M. (2008). Advances In Urban Ecology. https://lms.brocku.ca/access/content/group/676acec3-1dd2-42f4-9a6e-38c5e54fbe4f/Additional%20Course%20Readings/Alberti%2C%20M.%202008.%20Advances%20in%20urban%20ecology.pdf

Bruce Trail Conservatory. (2010). Biodiversity & Me. Retrieved from https://brucetrail.org/system/downloads/0000/0250/BTC-OPG_Biodiversity_Booklet_web.pdf

Dig the Shipyard (Monk, 2019)

Green Belt Niagara. (2019). Twelve Mile Creek. Retrieved from https://www.greenbelt.ca/twelve_mile_creek

Green Belt. (2012). Shickluna Shipyards. Retrieved from http://brocku.niagaragreenbelt.com/listings/53-historic-a-heritage-sites/784-shickluna-shipyards.html

Historic Environment.(2019). History. Retrieved from https://www.historicenvironment.ca/history

Hough, M. (2004). Cities and natural process: A basis for sustainability.

Mangion, F. (2015). Saluting Louis Shickluna, Sangleas Master Shipbuilder in Canada. Retrieved from https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Saluting-Louis-Shickluna-Senglea-s-master-shipbuilder-in-Canada.593980

National Geographic. (2019).Basin. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/basin/

St.Catharines Standard. (2014). Remembering the master shipbuilder Louis Shickluna. Retrieved from https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Saluting-Louis-Shickluna-Senglea-s-master-shipbuilder-in-Canada.593980

Niagara College. (2019). Species Monitoring. Retrieved from https://sustainability.niagaracollege.ca/project/species-monitoring/

Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority. (2019). Water Level and precipitation Data. Retrieved From http://www.his.npca.ca/streamChart/Default.aspx?station=DECEW

St.Catharines Museum. (2019). STCM Online Collection. Retrieved from https://museum-cityofstcatharines.msappproxy.net/search/shickluna

Shipyard-1864 (Brock,2019)

Walter, K. (2019). St.Catharines Fire Training Tower in the Works. Retrieved from https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/9529896-st-catharines-fire-training-tower-study-in-the-works/

Map References:

Geology Map of Southern Ontario

St.Catharines 1879 Map

Marcus Smith 1852 Map

Niagara Navigator. (2019). 2000 Map of Shickluna Shipyards. Retrieved from https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator/

Niagara Navigator. (2019). 2018 Map of Shickluna Shipyards. Retrieved from https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator/

Air Photo References:

Renown Road, 1921 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.htm...

Renown Road, 1934 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 1954 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 1965 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 1968 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.htm...

Renown Road, 1995 Mosaic Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 2000 Air Photo, Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 2002 Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 2006 Air Photo. Retrieved from http://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=33873be71555423db62472eebf317042&extent=-8897508.6031%2C5288594.1198%2C-8750749.5088%2C5366789.1997%2C102100

Renown Road, 2013 Air Photo. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.htm...

Renown Road, 2015 Air Photo. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.htm...

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Bailey Kay for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 7, 2019.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.